Membrane Gas Separation

145, 152, 153, 154, 157
FT-IR spectra 148, 148
physical properties 149
nanocomposite membranes see mixed-
matrix membranes (MMMs)
National Energy Technology Laboratory 
(NETL) 188
natural gas
acid gas removal technologies 316
carbon dioxide removal from 202, 
292, 313
countries with gas reserves 315, 316
dehydration plant 294
hydrocarbon vapour removal 293
nitrogen separation 294–95, 295
Prism
® 
membrane process fl ow 
schematics 294
sources 315–16
UOP membrane plants using cellulose 
acetate membranes for CO
2
separation 294
water removal 293
natural gas sweetening 202, 292, 
313
natural gas treatment 292–95
contaminants and membrane 
performance 319–20
market 315–18
with membrane systems 313–32
research directions 329–30
natural gas treatment skid 314, 315
NELF model 127–28
parameters for n-butane and n-pentane 
in AF 2400 136
networks, defi nition 3
nitric oxide 212
kinetic diameter and critical 
temperature 203
nitric oxides 202, 212
nitrogen
adsorption 32, 33
kinetic diameter and critical 
temperature 203
permeability in PDMS under mixed 
gas conditions with and without H
2
S 
present 213, 215
permeability through polysulfone 213, 
217
separation 291
nitrogen dioxide 212
critical temperature 203
4-(4-nitrophenylazo)aniline (4-amino-4
′
-
nitro-azobenzene) see Disperse 
orange 3
nitrous oxide 186
non-cryogenic air enrichment 159
norbornene 43
polymerization of 43, 44
nylon-supported [hmim][Tf
2
N], membrane 
performance of 191
n-octane 314
ODPA (4,4
′
-oxidiphthalic anhydride) 
145, 145
ODPA-BAPP, gas permeability 
coeffi cients and selectivity 18
ODPA/TAP/ODA, gas permeability 
coeffi cients and selectivity 20

---

364
Index
ODPA-TAPOB 155, 156
diffusion coeffi cients and diffusivity 
selectivity 153
permeability coeffi cients and ideal 
selectivity 152
physical properties 149
solubility coeffi cients and solubility 
selectivity 154
OPW Vaporsaver
™
system 300
organic–inorganic hybrids see 
mixed-matrix membranes 
(MMMs)
ortho-positronium lifetime 236
ortho-positronium particles 61
oxy-fuel combustion 202, 295
oxygen, kinetic diameter and critical 
temperature 203
oxygen/nitrogen selectivity of polymeric 
membranes 291
oxygen separation 291, 291
P84 (BTDA-TDI/MDI) 17
gas permeability coeffi cients and 
selectivity of 20
PAMAM (polyamidamine) 8, 16, 17
parallel transport 94, 94, 103
PBT (poly(butylene terephthalate)) 229, 
242, 243, 244, 283
blocks in copolymer 
4000PEO55PBT45, DSC 
thermograms for 244
PDMS see polydimethylsiloxane 
(PDMS)
Pebax
®
229, 230, 230, 231, 258
density and fractional free volume 
change from addition of PEG into 
235, 235
gas permeability measurements 
259–60
general features 257
morphology of 244, 245
physical and gas transport properties 
231
Pebax
®
1041 269
Pebax
®
1074, sorption isotherms for CO
2
and N
2
264
Pebax
®
1657 257, 266, 269–73
best conditions for surface modifi cation 
by H
2
/N
2
plasma 274
CO
2
and N
2
permeability diffusion and 
sorption coeffi cients 270
modifi ed by cold plasma 273–75
optical microscopy image of 267
sorption isotherms for CO
2
and N
2
264
surface morphology 267, 274, 274
Pebax
®
1657/PEG300 blends, optical 
microscopy image of 272
Pebax
®
-based membranes 255–77
AFM surface imaging 261
CO
2
and N
2
permeability, diffusion and 
sorption coeffi cients 263
CO
2
permeability and CO
2
/N
2
ideal 
selectivity coeffi cients 271
CO
2
permeability coeffi cients 268
CO
2
permeability in PA phase 268
CO
2
permeability in PE phase 268
CO
2
sorption and permeation of 
261–69
DSC thermograms 265
experimental details 258–61
gas sorption measurements 260
glass transition temperatures and 
melting temperatures 266, 272
N
2
sorption and permeation in 261–69
Robeson’s plot of 273
surface modifi cation by cold plasma 
261
thermal behaviour studies by DSC 261
Pebax
®
-PEG blend membranes 257, 270
CO
2
/CH
4
selectivity 247
CO
2
diffusivity as a function of 1/FFV 
in 237
experimental and estimated values of 
permeability in 242
PEG (polyethylene glycol) 204, 234–35, 
256, 258, 259, 269
PEG300-Pebax
®
1657 blend membranes, 
CO
2
permeability and CO
2
/N
2
ideal 
selectivity coeffi cient 271
PEGEPI blend membranes 259
PEO (homo-poly(ethylene oxide)) 229

---

Index
365
PEO blocks in copolymer 
4000PEO55PBT45, DSC 
thermograms for 244
PEO-PBT copolymers 249
CO
2
permeability 232, 232
structure of 230, 230
thermal gravimetric analyses 234, 234
thermal properties 233, 233
permeability 138–39, 286
as a function of temperature 103, 103
modelling in mixed matrix glassy 
membranes 130–32
prediction of 102, 102
permeability coeffi cients 79, 87, 147
permeation curves
early-time 169
late-time 170
permeation measurements 73, 147
permeation rate (fl ux) 86
permeation tests 325
permselectivity 113
pervaporation plants 284
PFCs (perfl uorocarbons) 185, 186
4-(2-phenylethynyl)phthalic anhydride 
(PEPA) 11
photochromic probe method 61, 62–64, 
80
photoisomerization 68
PIM-1 29–42
activation energies of permeation for 
water-free 37
dependence of oxygen permeability 
and nitrogen permeability on time 
for 37
dependence of solubility coeffi cient on 
critical temperature of the solute 
38, 38
diffusion coeffi cient and solubility 
coeffi cient for various states of 37
distribution of pore size 32, 33
effects of membrane preparation 
protocol on the permeability of 34
enthalpies of sorption and partial molar 
enthalpies and entropies for 38, 39
gas adsorption 31–33
gas permeation 33–35
hysteresis 32
inverse gas chromatography 35–39
lifetimes and radii of free volume 
elements in various states 40, 40
molecular model 31
nitrogen adsorption and desorption 
isotherms for 31
permeability coeffi cients 35
permeability reduction over time 35
pore size distribution 33
positron annihilation lifetime 
spectroscopy (PALS) 39–40
preparation of 30, 31
selectivity and permeability for the gas 
pairs O
2
/N
2
, CO
2
/CH
4
, CO
2
/N
2
36
temperature dependence of 
permeability of membranes of 35
plasma technique 258
plasticization 209, 211, 212, 213–15, 
321
plasticizers in polymers 229
PMDA (pyromellitic dianhydride) 145, 
145
PMDA/BTDA-3MPDA, gas permeability 
coeffi cients and selectivity of 19
PMDA-TAPOB 155, 156
diffusion coeffi cients and diffusivity 
selectivity 153
permeability coeffi cients and ideal 
selectivity 152
physical properties 149
solubility coeffi cients and solubility 
selectivity 154
PMP 137, 288
permeability coeffi cients 47
poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) 
38, 38, 47, 51, 51, 55
poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) 
(PPO) magnetic membranes 175
mass transport coeffi cients 179
Polyactive
®
229, 231, 237
morphology of 244, 245
physical and gas transport properties