Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

Discussion questions
1. Fate of the minority languages in Europe.
2. Frisian as a minority language.
3. Interrelation between Frisian and Dutch.
4. Interrelation between Frisian and English.
5. Literature in the Frisian language.


Reference

1. 
   The Cambridge History of the English language. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, 2005, 613 p.
   
2. 
   Don Ringe. From Proto –Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press, 2006, 366 p.
   
3. 
   Hogg R. Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh University Press, 2002, 174 p.
   
4. 
   Kuldashev A.M. An Introduction to Germanic Philology. Tashkent, Шарқ Нашр Матбаа акционерлик жамияти. 2010, 154 p.
   
5. 
   Қўлдашев А.М., Хамзаев С.А. Инглиз тили тарихи. Т. Darssprint нашр, 2015. 192 бет.
   
6. 
   Kuldashev A.M. Formation and Development of the Global language. – Tashkent, Turon Iqbol, 2016. 118 p.
   
7. 
   Богородицкий В.А. Введение в изучение современных романских и германских языков. М. Изд-во лит. на иностр. яз. 1954, сс. 91-94.
   
8. 
   Прокош Э. Сравнительная грамматика германских языков. М. Изд-во Изд-во лит. на иностр. яз. 1954, сс. 11-20.
   
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   Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1990, с. 563.
   

Chapter XV. The Dutch Language


Key questions
1. The place of the Dutch among the Germanic languages.
2. A survey of the History of the Dutch language.
3. Geographical distribution of the Dutch language.
4. Official status of the Dutch language.
5. Dialectal distribution of the Dutch language.


Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken worldwide by around 20 million people. The variety of Dutch spoken in Belgium is also informally called Flemish. The Dutch name for the language is Nederlands or Less formally Hollands and Dutch is sometimes called Netherlandic in English. Some speakers resent the name "Dutch", because of its deceptive similarity to Deutsch (German for 'German') and its resemblance to Diets, a term which was abused by Nazi collaborators 1940­ - 1945.
History
The word Dutch comes from the old Germanic word theodisk, meaning 'of the people', 'vernacular' as opposed to official, IE. Latin or later French.
In the Dutch language, there exist two cognates of this word: duits (corresponding to German deutsch, i.e. modem German) and diets (Dutch).
The latter is no longer in general use, in part due to its adoption by 20th century fascists, for instance by NSB and other nationalists.
In early times, the Dutch language as such did not exist. Instead there were various Germanic dialects spoken in the region, mostly of (Low) Frankian origin.
A process of standardization started in the Middle ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477).
The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential in this time.
In 1618, in order to make the first Dutch Bible translation that people from all over the country could understand, a unified language was created. It consisted of elements from various dialects, but mostly based on the dialects from Holland. This can be taken as the starting point of Dutch as a modem language.
There was some slight confusion about the meaning of the Dutch language a few centuries ago, at Least in England.
Two examples: William Caxton (c.1422-1491) wrote in his Prologue to his Aeneids in 1490 that an old English text was more like to Dutche than English, and Professor W.F. Bolton marked this word in his note as German.
Peter Heylyn, Cosmography in four books containing the Chronography and History of the whole world, Vol. 11 (London, 1677: 154) tells, "...the Dutch call Leibniz," adding that the Dutch is spoken in the parts of Hungary adjoining to Germany.
He must have meant "Deutsch" in both cases.