Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

Discussion questions
1. Language situation and language policy in the Faroe Islands.
2. Representatives of the Faroes literature.
3. The Problem of the Norm in the Faroese language.
4. Relation of the Faroese language to other languages.
5. The Future of the Faroese language.


Reference

1. 
   The Cambridge History of the English language. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, 2005, 613 p.
   
2. 
   Don Ringe. From Proto –Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press, 2006, 366 p.
   
3. 
   Hogg R. Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh University Press, 2002, 174 p.
   
4. 
   Kuldashev A.M. An Introduction to Germanic Philology. Tashkent, Шарқ Нашр Матбаа акционерлик жамияти. 2010, 154 p.
   
5. 
   Қўлдашев А.М., Хамзаев С.А. Инглиз тили тарихи. Т. Darssprint нашр, 2015. 192 бет.
   
6. 
   Kuldashev A.M. Formation and Development of the Global language. – Tashkent, Turon Iqbol, 2016. 118 p.
   
7. 
   Богородицкий В.А. Введение в изучение современных романских и германских языков. М. Изд-во лит. на иностр. яз. 1954, сс 145-182.
   
8. 
   Прокош Э. Сравнительная грамматика германских языков. М. Изд-во Изд-во лит. на иностр. яз. 1954, сс. 14-19.
   
9. 
   Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1990, с. 541.
   

Chapter XIV. Frisian language


Key questions
1. Geographical distribution of the people speaking the Frisian language.
2. Discussions about the place of the Frisian language among Germanic languages.
3. Dialectal differentiation of the Frisian language.
4. A History of the Frisian languages.
5. The Problem of the Norm of the Frisian language.

Frisian (varyingly Frysk, Frasch, "Fresk", or "Friisk") is a language spoken by a small ethnic group living in the northwestern part of Europe. In origin, the Frisian language is Germanic, the ancient Frisian community figuring prominently in North European history. They were especially noted as traders and raiders during Viking times.

Frisian language - member of the West Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages. It has a number of dialects and is spoken by more than 300,000 people, most of whom speak West Frisian and live in Friesland, a province of the Netherlands. North Frisian is spoken along the North Sea coast of Germany and on the Frisian Islands, and East Frisian is spoken farther inland in NW Germany. Speakers of various dialects are also found in the United States. Frisian is a subject of instruction in the schools of Friesland and also has a literature of its own. Of all foreign languages, it is most like English.
Frisian consists of several dialects, which are very often mutually unintelligible. At their most basic, there are 3 dialectal divisions, West Lauwers Frisian 'Frysk', Saterland Frisian 'Seeltersk', and North Frisian. The North Frisian language is however further segmented into several additional strongly unique speech forms.
The northern dialects include Mainland dialects, Island Dialects, and the Heligoland dialect, Heligoland or 'Halund' also an island. There is such a strong difference between the island and mainland forms of the North Frisian language that it has been speculated that the mainland and insular areas may have been originally populated by two separate waves of ancient Frisian colonizers, these migrations occurring in entirely different eras.
Frisian is distinct from East Frisian Low Saxon.
Most Frisian speakers live in the Netherlands, primarily in the province of Friesland (Fryslan in Frisian) where their number about 440,000. In Germany there are about 2,000 speakers of Frisian.
While many of these Frisians live on the mainland, most are found on the islands, notably Sygg, Fohr, Affiruffi and Heligog The local corresponding Frisian dialects are still in use.
Frisian is officially recognized and protected as minority language in Germany and the Netherlands.
Old Frisian was highly similar to Old English, and historically, Frisian is classified as the closest existing language to young. This similarity was reinforced in the late Middle Ages by the Ingveonic sound shift, which affected Frisian and English, b or hardly the other West Germanic varieties.
However, such classifications, where possible, are based on studies of the earliest written forms of languages, so in the ca: Frisian and English, they do not take into account the centuries of drift of English away from Frisian norms. Thus the most languages are completely unintelligible to each other, partly due to the marks Low Franconia languages (such as Netherlands and Low Saxon/Low German have Left on Frisian.
The earliest definite written examples of Frisian are from approximately the 9th century. A few examples of runic inscript from the region are probably older and possibly in the Frisian language. These runic writings however usually do not amo more than single- or few-word inscriptions, and cannot be said to constitute literature as such. Actual Frisian writings app few centuries later, and are generally restricted to Legalistic writings -- this the Old Frisian period.
Dutch is, however, the most important language for the development of Frisian. In the course of history, the two languages kept coming into contact with each other. This linguistic contact was determined by the power relationship in the Low Countries and has been a great influence the development of the present language situation in Friesland.
During the whole of the Middle Ages Friesland was monolingual and autonomous, under the Leadership of frequent landing tribal chiefs to Frisian was not only the spoken language but also the official language of government and judicial power. Old Frisian Legal documents have survived from the 13th century.
In contrast to Dutch where the Old Dutch period ends in the 12th century, in the case of Frisian we speak of Old Frisian until about 1550 the Frisian language of the 13th and 14th century shows certain features which correspond to the oldest linguistic forms of the other West Germanic languages, for example unreduced vowels in unstressed syllables. This can be clearly seen in the following passage from the Hungsingoer tekst from 1252 (taken from De Friese taal. 1995: 3):
In the course of the 16th century Friesland lost its independence - in 1579 it became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands. The government passed into Dutch hands and standardized Dutch became the language of writing, government, school and church. Influential Hollanders settled in the Frisian towns - Frisian and Dutch came into contact with each other and what was later to be known as "Stadsfries" ["Town Frisian"] arose.
There are two explanations today for this language variant. On the one hand it is claimed that Town Frisian is the language of the Frisians vl/ho trled to adapt themselves to the new Dutch upper echelons (ie they spoke a "Hollandised Frisian"; see Boelens. 1982: 41).
As a result of the polderisation of the "Middelzee" in the 16th century farmers from Holland province settled on the new land. Here too there was language contact - the Bildt dialect arose.
Until the 19th century Frisian developed further only as a spoken language. It was driven back to the interior and there underwent har'. -:ny influence from Dutch. The language of the upper social Levels (in towns) was Dutch that of the middle classes was Town Frisian, which managed to preserve its relatively high status until the 1950s. Written Frisian hardly existed in this period.
One exception was formed by the 17th century poet Gysbert Japiks who wrote his poems in Frisian. Not until the 19th century, with the rise elf romanticism, did anything arise that could be called a Frisian language consciousness - "people's poets" such as Joost Hiddes Halbertsma wrote in Frisian.
However, there was no question of Frisian having a place in government, school and church in the 19th century. In schools the teachers advised "Friesch Boers niet te gedogen" ["not to tolerate rustic Frisian"] (De Jong/Riemersma. 1994: 15). Moreover, Frisian had still not become standardized - not until 1879 did it get its first official spelling.
The 20th century brought gradual improvements for Frisian. Frisian took over more and more domains. Since 1937 Frisian could also be taught in elementary schools and since 1955 it could also be used as the medium of tuition. Sincer1980 it has been a compulsory language in elementary schools, and since 1993 also in secondary education.
In principle Dutch is naturally still the dominant language in. Friesland, and Frisian is therefore strongly influenced by it, particularly at the Lexical
Level. More and more people say, for example, sleutel ["key"] rather than kaai, apd saterdei ["Saturday"] instead of sneon.
On the other hand, the influences of Frisian on Standard Dutch are meager - the only words to have found entry into Dutch are those from sport terminology such as skOtsjesiIEn (competitive sailing with old sailing boats) and, klunen (skating overland).