Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар



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Bog'liq
A History of the English Language


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Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
Principal features of Gothic
Pronunciation
Some Letters are pronounced differently in Gothic from their pronunciation in Dutch, for example the is pronounced like the Dutch in "boek" (like English "soon"), but it can be either short or long. Furthermore, there are sounds which are no longer found in Dutch, for example the Letter is pronounced like the voiced 		in English “then” (eg: piudinassus = ‘kingdom’), the
like the unvoiced 		in English “thin” (eg: pata = ‘the’ or ‘that’) or the like a sort of “ku”, ie a /k/ with simultaneous lip-rounding (eg qimai – ‘come’).
As all the Germanic Languages Gothic also has the stress on the first syllable.
Noun and Adjectives
Gothic has five cases:
1. Nominative: for nouns acting as the subject of the sentence
2. Genitive: expresses possessive relationships
3. Dative: for nouns acting as the indirect object
4. Accusative: for nouns acting as the direct object
5. Vocative: for the person addressed (it is usually the same form as the Nominative).
Nouns
The inflectional ending depends on:
▪the stem of the word: The stems include a-, ia-, 0-, i-, u- and n-stems. These terms refer to the reconstructed Primitive Germanic (eg bird: "fug/s" is an a-stem, cf the Primitive Germanic word: *fuglaz).
▪the gender of the word: Gothic has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.
▪whether the word is singular or plural.
Adjectives
The adjective takes the same gender, number and case as the noun. The endings also vary according to:
- The stem to which the adjective belongs (as for the nouns above).
- Inflection: weak inflection (for the vocative and after a definite article) and strong inflection (in all other situations).
Articles and Pronouns
Articles and demonstrative pronouns
The definite article is an important new development in Germanic.
It arose from the demonstrative pronoun and still has the same form in Gothic (sa = 'the' or 'that' masculine, pata neuter, so feminine). It is only the context which enables its use as an article to be recognized.
The indefinite article does not yet exist.
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