3.6 Marketing strategy and firm performance
Marketing is one of a number of factors that contribute to firm performance.
Hence, isolating marketing‘s contribution is important and part of the
methodological challenge of working in marketing literatures (Moorman &
Lehmann, 2004). Therefore, the questions in most cases becomes how can
the effect of marketing strategies be measured? The measurement problem
has critical implication for performance evaluation as performance measures
also serve as key drivers for marketing and sales employees because what
gets measured gets attention (Huizingh & Zengerink, 2001). Many marketing
strategy researchers argue that superior financial business performance is
the ultimate goal of marketing strategies (Menon et al., 2015; Simons et al.,
2014). And marketing strategies can be evaluated at various levels, ranging
from the macro-level to the micro level, e.g., at the level of a firm, business
unit or brand to groups of customers or even individual customers (Simons
et al., 2014). At each level, appropriate financial measures can be defined to
determine the level of a marketing strategy success and to take the
necessary feedback based on the measured result.
Although the importance of measurement in marketing strategy is without
question, what makes a better measurement is still the issue of debate in
the literatures (Simons et al., 2014; Zeriti et al., 2014). While some argue
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that the measurements should be quantifiable and hence financial
measurements are appropriate others argue that specific subjective
measures, such as attitudes towards are appropriate (Simons et al., 2014).
Such debate results in confusion for marketing managers to fully estimate
how much their marketing strategy is effective and how much of the return
on investment is due to the marketing strategies. Scholars for the financial
measurement argument consider superior financial business performance
as the ultimate goal of marketing strategies (Simons et al., 2014; Zeriti et al.,
2014).
Therefore, the effectiveness and success of marketing strategies can be
evaluated at the level of a firm, business unit or brand to groups of
customers or even individual customers. Such financial evaluation can also
be used to quantify the contribution of marketing strategy to the corporate
strategy and to the attainment of firm‘s goal. However, proponents of the
financial performance measurement argue that it is difficult to directly
measure the financial contribution of marketing and there must be other
ways of non quantifiable measurements (Hunt & Morgan, 1995).
Advocators of non financial measurements claim that although relative
performance measures in terms of percentages have been widely used, they
are not always appropriate. Besides, financial performance measures are
usually time-lagged since they measure the success of past activities
(Bonoma & Crittenden, 1988; Day & Wensley, 1988), tend to focus on the
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short-term (Madsen, 1998), and give little indication of an organization‘s
performance potential in the future (Denby, 1998).
Such short term focus on financial measures make a firm to focus on the
daily sales and may forget the product innovation and development aspects
which are key aspects for the firm‘s long term sustainability. Instead, such
scholars recommend a subjective (non quantifiable) firm performance as
such subjective performance measure tries to capture the extent to which
the respondent believes that a certain objective performance measure has
been realized (Huizingh & Zengerink, 2001). Furthermore, the subjective
measurement attempts to include indicators of not only how the mangers
see their performances relative to the competitors but also how much they
feel that they are satisfied with such progresses.
The subjective measurements measure the perceptions which can be
measured multi items scale to capitalize on the advantage of perceptions to
include the satisfaction with respect to a wide range of elements of
performance (Denby, 1998). Sometimes an overall satisfaction item is used
(Smith & Barclay, 1997) to provide the respondents with an opportunity to
incorporate implicitly non-economic considerations and aspiration levels in
their assessment (Huizingh & Zengerink, 2001). Several studies have also
shown that there exists a strong and significant relationship between the
objective and subjective measurements of business performance (Simons et
al., 2014; Zeriti et al., 2014) and reliable and they correlate positively and
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significantly with various objective measures (Simons et al., 2014; Zeriti et
al., 2014).
Even a more convincing argument was forwarded by Day and Wensley
(1988) as they put forward strong argument that to support decision making
in practice it is more important to measure managerial perceptions than
objective reality. Furthermore, the top management perceptions of how their
company had performed measured by using subjective measures were
consistent with its performance measured using objective measurements
(Akroush, 2012). In addition to this, subjective measures may be useful in
attempting to operationalize broader, non-economic dimensions of
organizational performance which cannot be captured though objective
measurements.
Consistent to the above arguments, Huizingh and Zengerink (2001) argue
that marketing strategies at a firm level consists of operational and
functional activities and both are important to consider when measuring the
marketing strategy performances. In this regard, the operational activities
are those marketing efforts that directly influence customers and the market
position of a company such as advertising campaigns and sales promotions.
In connection to this, support activities enable marketers to create, design,
execute, monitor, and evaluate operational activities (Huizingh & Zengerink,
2001). Therefore, the marketing support activities include training and
education for marketing personnel, activities to motivate employees, the
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atmosphere and culture in the marketing department, internal
communication, the organizational structure, and adequate support tools
(Huizingh & Zengerink, 2001). The performance of such functional activities
is difficult to measure through financial measures although they are
investments with expected return in the long run. Such activities are also
essential for firms to develop capability and efficiency through which they
can develop competitive advantage.
From the researcher‘s point of view, both financial and non financial
measure of marketing strategy performances can be applied to measure the
performances of a firm, if the data are available, because the combinations
of these measurements make better senses and meanings of measured
performances. However, due to many intervening or mediating variables
between marketing strategies and financial performances, the effect may be
difficult to measure directly through quantification. Instead the non
financial (subjective) measurements make more sense. To this end, a firm is
in a good position if it feels that investment on both functional and
operational activities of marketing is an asset with expected return either in
the short or more usually in the long run.
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