3.2 Resource Based View Conceptualization
The resource-based view (RBV) emphasizes the firm‘s resources as the
fundamental determinants of competitive advantage and performance. The
principle behind this theory is that firms achieve sustainable competitive
advantage by continuously developing existing resources and creating
resources as well as capabilities in response to the dynamic market
conditions (Peteraf & Barney, 2003). Besides, it attempts to emphasize on
internal efficiency and effectiveness in utilizing the resources within the firm
in order to explain the variances in performances.
Therefore, firms need to concentrate on their operation and utilization in
order to achieve competitive advantage. In this regard, there are two
assumptions in analyzing sources of competitive advantage (Barney, 1991;
Peteraf & Barney, 2003). The first assumption is that each firm within an
industry is heterogeneous with respect to the bundle of resources they
control. Such argument considers a firm as a coordinated bundle of
resources that the business has at its disposal or has access to , which are
valuable, rare and inimitable (Lambin, 2008). Second, it assumes that
resource heterogeneity may persist over time because the resources used to
implement firms‘ strategies are not perfectly mobile across firms (Lambin,
2008). Besides, resource heterogeneity (or uniqueness) is considered a
necessary condition for a resource bundle to contribute to a competitive
advantage. Therefore, to the extent a firm is able to organize and exploit
resources and capabilities (Peteraf & Barney, 2003) it creates and maintain
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in time, a supply of products/services that offer more value for the customer
(Lambin, 2008) than its competitors.
According to RBV, enterprises need resources to improve their competitive
position as well as be able to recognize, understand, create, select and
modify their marketing strategies. In this regard, the theory extends an
understanding of the resources that explain the alternative marketing
strategies that an enterprise may consider. This theory advocates that
enterprises engage the available resources (tangible, intangible and
organizational capabilities) in order to produce products that meet customer
needs (Bharradwaj, Clark and Kulviwat, 2005; Peteraf & Barney, 2003;
Ferreira & Azevedo, 2008; Pearce & Robinson, 2005). This theory also
analyses the resources and capabilities as key factors in business
performance. According to Martin (2013), business performance has a direct
relationship with the marketing activities an enterprise engages in.
Furthermore, the RBV theory further enhances business strategy
formulation should capitalize on the inimitable resources the firm has in
order to attain competitive advantage in the market. Such approach begins
with identifying and classifying the firm‘s resources (Grant, 1991). Based on
classification of resources the firm appraises its strength and weaknesses in
relation to competitors. Then the firm needs to identify its capabilities; what
it can do better than competitors and identifying the resources required for
each capability (Agic, Cinjarevic, Kurtovic, and Cicic, 2016).
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Figure 7 shows the steps clearly.
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