Figure 1: Chapter 1 framework
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1. Introduction to the Study
In today‘s dynamic business environment, appropriate strategy is needed for
business companies to be competitive or at least to stay where they are in
their field of operation. This is because strategies help firms to guide
themselves to the direction they need and to withstand the environmental
challenges (Mintzberg, 1987). Mintzberg (1987) further argues that most
literatures focusing on the notion of strategy as a deliberate plan set
direction for them so as to outsmart competitors or at least enable them
withstand the threatening environments. In this context, a strategy is
similar to a plan which guides to the future and thereby differentiates firms
from one another even from the same industry.
Therefore, the essence of strategy is choosing to perform activities more
differently than rivals do (Porter, 2000) and thereby achieve competitiveness
mainly through market share (Kennedy & Rosson, 2002). Hence, without an
appropriate strategy, an organization is unlikely to succeed unless success
comes through chance. Johnson and Scholes (1989) further substantiate
this idea arguing that strategy sets the direction and scope of an
organization over a long time, which enables an organization to exploit
opportunities for itself through its configuration of resources within a
challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets, and to fulfill
stakeholder expectations. This implies that these two objectives (meeting the
needs of the market and fulfilling stakeholders‘ expectations) will be
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achieved to the extent strategies are effective and efficient in both
formulation and execution (Johnson & Scholes, 1989).
Consequently, for an organization to have effective strategy, both the
formulation and implementation should be given equal attention (El-Ansary,
2006). In this context, the process by which a strategy is created is referred
to as a strategy formulation which later overlays the way to appropriate
strategy implementation. Similarly, execution of the formulated strategy as
per the intent is referred to as strategy implementation. Consequently,
strategy formulation and implementation processes should be seen as two
sides of the same coin (El-Ansary, 2006; Ahmad, 2007). However,
formulating a strategy that integrates logic, analysis, creativity and
innovation requires new thoughts and new ways of thinking (Ulwick, 1999).
Such deliberately formulated strategies should also be implemented in the
way it is intended for reason that without implementation, a brilliantly
formulated strategy will be nonsense and without the right formulation
implementation will be a futile exercise (Vincent, 2005).
The right strategy formulation should emanate from a well defined
organizational vision because for a given firm, such strategy is ultimately a
unique construction of itself and it reflects its particular circumstances
(Porter, 2000). Thus, what an organization aspires to be in the long run will
be directed and scrutinized through strategy formulation. Hence, corporate
vision will broaden the scope and depth of strategy so that the direction set
will enable to realize what is aspired in the long run. As a result, the general
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direction which links the company‘s vision to its corporate strategy will be
further shaped and put into measurable business objectives. These business
objectives crystallize the vision into measurable business deliverables.
Therefore, business strategies will be developed to each business objective of
an organization. Ultimately, marketing strategies are developed from each
business objective as different business strategic unit requires its own
marketing strategy. Thus, marketing strategy can be viewed as the building
block and the starting point where a business organization‘s vision should
base from (Hollensen, 2011).
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