behavioural tendency (consume or avoid), and a cognitive component (belief
that the brand is desirable or repulsive).
Attitudes can and do cause actions, but this is influenced by other factors,
such as whether or not the person believes that they can act and the social
norms operating, i.e. whether or not it is believed that it is acceptable to act
in a particular way. How well the attitude is remembered (i.e. memory) also
affects whether or not it is expressed in action.
A person experiences cognitive dissonance arousal (Festinger, 1957)
whenever he/she holds two cognitions – beliefs, attitudes, or knowledge –
that are inconsistent with each other. This is a disharmony between an
attitude we hold and our knowledge of something we have done or intend
to do. This is uncomfortable and there is a motivation to reduce the
dissonance either by changing the conditions or by changing behaviours.
Dissonance usually arises when there is insufficient justification for an action.
For example, we might sign a loan agreement for a new car without being
certain that the deal is affordable or best value.
Cognitive learning is purposeful. We engage in this whenever we want to
communicate ideas, obtain information, solve problems, or become
competent in some endeavour. Cognitive modifiability is the ability to change
our mental structure and contents. Learning involves a change in contents.
Thinking rearranges the structure of information in consciousness. All mental
processes are for adaptation to the environment.
Recognition is the re-cognition or recall or some idea from memory into
conscious thinking.
We are alike and different in our thinking styles. We all think, but we
think differently. It would be hopelessly naïve to assume that the way the
marketing manager thinks is the way that all targeted consumers or buyers
think. Cognitive balance is sought as internal consistency or consonance
among our beliefs, attitudes, values, and decisions.
As pointed out by East (1997), the manner in which consumers behave is
often not the predictable outcome of rational processes of systematic
comparison of purchase options. We may simply act on established habit or
merely satisfice on the first adequate option encountered. Our cognitive
processes may be better explained as heuristics (structured trials) rather than
as logical processes. Our behaviour is often more rooted in the immediate
environment. Our sensing of this, rather than any marketing intervention,
initiates many of our cognitive processes.
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