Marketing communication: principles and practice



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73 Marketing communication principles and practice Richard J Varey

WHAT IS A BRAND?
A brand ‘marks’ a product on a consumer’s consciousness. In days gone by,
hot brands were applied to cattle, slaves, and criminals to burn a sign onto
the skin as a permanent indication of identity and ownership. Thus, a branded
commodity is afforded identity of ownership and difference. Products have
extra value added in being branded. Brand management is part of the quest
for profitable difference.
T H E B R A N D C O M M U N I C A T O R
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A brand is more than a merely functional product – there are other values
to be considered: for example, a product is made in a factory; a brand is
bought by a customer; products can be copied by competitors, whereas a
brand is unique. Thus, a washing powder is a product, but Persil is a brand.
The brand is the interface of the provider and consumer perspectives on what
constitutes a valuable product.
Perhaps, we must think of brands as special, from a communication point
of view, because the relationship of the product to the consumer or buyer
and the provider is highly significant.
A brand identity is the distinct offer, comprising consistency, character,
appropriateness, and performance. The brand secures a desired place in the
consumer or buyer’s mind. Brand image, on the other hand, is what is raised
in the mind of each consumer or buyer when he/she interprets and judges
his/her environment, which of course includes competing brands, concerns,
and differing values and opinions. We will look further at identity, image,
and reputation in chapter eighteen. Box 8.1 affords an illustration of
rebranding.
A brand is differentiated from a commodity by having associated with it, as
an integral part of the total offering, values that are significant to the consumer
and buyer. The commodity has only use value and is unattractive to producers
because it traps them into high volume and economies of scale. The brand
is attractive to the provider because it offers the possibility of a premium price
and larger profit margin. See Figure 8.1 for an illustration of brand elements,
and note how we are all capable of communicating something of the
desirability of trading with the corporation.
Research by de Chernatony (1993) revealed seven ‘brand building blocks’
which can be stressed in different ways and degrees to differentiate a product
from competitive offerings (Figure 8.2). We are particularly interested in
the building blocks that communicate value in the brand, so that consumers
and buyers identify either similar benefits to others brands but available at a
lower cost from your brand, or unique benefits of your brand.
A brand may be capable of performing a number of functions:


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