Marketing communication: principles and practice



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73 Marketing communication principles and practice Richard J Varey

BRAND PREFERENCES
From the provider’s point of view, the provider benefits when consumers buy
their products in preference to others, especially if this is maintained over
long periods. Brand loyalty offsets the need for promotion and is a barrier to
market entry by other providers. An established brand can support the launch
of new products by extending existing buying propensities. When consumers
are willing to buy a brand, the provider may be able to charge a premium
price. Brand loyalty seems to be the key factor in brand management, as a
source of competitive advantage.
T H E B R A N D C O M M U N I C A T O R
158
BOX 8.3
COLEY PORTER BELL – BRAND DESIGNERS
This firm is one of a growing number of consulting groups that specializes in design
and identity. Established in 1979, the firm uses a range of planning tools, including
shopper selection mode analysis, to define visually the rational and emotional qualities
of brand names. This makes them stand out and stimulate reactions from consumers.
Visual clarity enhances the communicative power of the brand, and is especially
important as more consumers are deciding what to buy in the store. Packaging is thus
primarily important in conveying brand personality.
For example, CPB developed an identity for LEGO Duplo as a pre-school range
that stimulates and educates through fun. They created a strong branding device – the
yellow brand band – together with pack photography that stimulates the imagination
and appeals to children, while reassuring parents of the product’s educational values.
(See www.cpb.co.uk)


A consideration set is the brands that a person might or does buy (Roberts
and Lattin, 1997). Since consumers are mostly polygamous and habitual in
their choice of brand (i.e. are loyal to several brands in any product category),
advertising mostly publicizes a brand to make the brand salient in the
consideration set (Ehrenberg 
et al
., 1997). Brand saliency is much more than
brand awareness and brand recall, which are the typical measures found in
much market research on product advertising impact. A brand is salient when
it is conspicuous, prominent, or noticeable – it is noted by the consumer or
buyer for some particular reason, and stands out from other brands as one
that they do or might buy.
For a brand to have salience, which may be subconscious, the consumer
or buyer must have, for that brand:
• awareness
• some degree of interest
• assurance (quality, service, etc.)
• familiarity and acceptance
• consistency
• habituated choosing
‘Always Coca-Cola’
In the launch of a new brand, the immediate communication task is
informational and publicizing, rather than strong persuasion. Repeated
exposure to a brand name has been shown to increase familiarity and liking
for the brand. Perhaps a more realistic role for brand advertising is to maintain
distinctiveness, and only exceptionally to increase sales. Indeed, many
advertising designers do not seek to make persuasive messages but simply
to attract attention and to generate interest. According to Ehrenberg 
et al
.
(1999), most advertising is really only publicizing brands and does not really
persuade at all. 
Advertising connects a product with a brand by providing the means to
communicate, even create, the right added values, to make the brand more
appealing and plausible, and relevant to the apprehending consumer. The
personality of the brand is coupled with the illusion of a dialogue between
the consumer and the brand. When successful, typically, a brand counters
the ‘feel bad’ of most news reporting, with a ‘feel good’ factor (see Figure
8.6). This may lead to brand loyalty (see Box 8.4).

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