Management philosophy, ownership structure and corporate structure

LEADING AND CONTROLLING IN US, JAPANESE AND CHINESE MANAGEMENT
Leading in USA Management:
1. Leader acts as decision-maker and head of group
2. Directive style (strong, firm, determined)
3. Often divergent values; individualism sometimes hinders cooperation
4. Face-to-face confrontation common; emphasis on clarity
5. Communication primarily top-down
Leading in Japanese Management:
1. Leader acting as social facilitator and group member
2. Paternalistic style
3. Common values facilitating cooperation
4. Avoidance of confrontation, sometimes leading to ambiguities; emphasis on harmony
5. Bottom-up communication
Leading in Chinese Management:
1. Leader as the head of the group (committees)
2. Directive. Parent-child relations (in TA terms)
3. Common values. Emphasis on harmony
4. Avoidance of confrontation
5. Communication top-down
Controlling in USA Management:
1. Control by superior
2. Control focus on individual performance Fix blame
3. Limited use of quality control circles
Controlling in Japanese Management:
1. Control by peers
2. Control focus on group performance
3. Saving face
4. Extensive use of quality control circles
Controlling in Chinese Management:
1. Control by group leader (superior)
2. Primary control by groups-but also by individuals
3. Try to save face
4. Limited use of quality control