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Use the following words and word combinations to write various letters of the same kind:
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I have the pleasure of extending to you an invitation (to); may I have the pleasure of inviting you (to); may we sincerely invite you (to); officially (cordially) invites you (to);
It gives me a great pleasure to invite you (to);
It’s a great pleasure (and honor) to extend to you an invitation (to)
(2)
to participate in the Congress (Conference, Symposium) on; to attend the Congress (Conference, Symposium); to be a participant of...
(3)
to be held in (London) from... to...;
which is scheduled on (the 1st) to (the 5th) of (September);
in the... Hotel at... o’clock on (Friday), (the 10th) of (May), 200...
For more information on useful expressions see Appendix 3.
UNIT 4
MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE
Grammar: Modal Verbs.
Speech Strategy: SURPRISE. REQUEST
Warming-up.
What is the difference between a thing and a stuff?
Can you tell a thing from a stuff: brass, bottle, atmosphere, chair, pan, boiled egg, glass, ornament, wood, sea water, air, plastics, toy soldier? Match a thing with the stuff it is made of.
Can we call a stuff matter? Explain why. 2
2. Listen to or look through the following text and say what information is not necessary to understand the topic:
That matter may exist in three physical states (solid, liquid and gas) is common knowledge. It is usually possible to change matter from one state to the other by changing its temperature. For instance, a piece of ice is called a solid; it may melt and form a liquid; as it evaporates, liquid water changes into a vapour, i. e. into the gaseous state.
Many kinds of matter, like water, can be obtained in each of the three states; for some, however, extraordinary means have to be used in order to produce one, or even two of the states; and for others, only two states are known or can be produced.
Common salt, for example, exists normally as a solid; at a temperature of several hundred degrees, it can be liquefied; and at still higher temperature it is converted into vapour. Carbon, a solid under normal conditions, can be vaporized, but it has never been liquefied.
Solids have both a definite volume and a definite shape. Liquids, too, have a definite volume, but they take the shape of their containers.
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1.
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общеизвестно
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9. относительное количество
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2.
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обычно
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10. преобразовывать(ся)
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3.
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существовать
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11. получить
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4.
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чрезвычайные средства
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12. произвести
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5.
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таять/плавиться
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13. форма
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6.
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градусы
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14. твердое тело
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7.
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определенный
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15. испаряться
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8.
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состоять из
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16. объем
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a)
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to obtain
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i)
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like
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b)
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common knowledge
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m)
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usually
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c)
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definite
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n)
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carbon
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d)
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relative quantity
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o)
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to be composed of
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e)
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still
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P)
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extraordinary means
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0
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to melt
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q)
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to vaporize
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g)
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to exist
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r)
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degrees
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h)
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volume
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s)
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to convert
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i)
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to evaporate
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t)
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solid
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j)
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to produce
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U)
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shape
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k)
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thorough
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Study carefully grammar tables 5 and 6 in Appendix 1 and find in the text all the sentences containing modal verbs. Translate them into Russian.
Complete the following sentences using modal verbs:
Chemicals ... be used carefully in the laboratory.
You ... stay out of the laboratory if your teacher is not there.
You ... obey the laboratory rules when working there.
If you ... to smell any chemical, fill your lungs with air first, then sniff carefully.
As you ... see, many of the chemicals ... be dangerous.
All chemicals ... to be treated with care.
Ethanol and water... look alike.
What we ... to remember is that a substance ... be recognized by its properties.
How ... you tell that a substance is pure?
Dalton’s ideas about atom ... explain many experimental observations and scientific laws.
Elements ... be decomposed because the atoms they are made of are indestructible.
The question that we ... answer at the start is: how do the atoms get electrical charges?
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Listen to the following dialogue, then answer questions choosing the correct answer out of the given ones. The notes and words given below will help you to understand the conversation better:
Who are the participants of the conversation?
students,
teachers,
chemical engineers.
What are they doing in Tokyo?
they are having vacation,
they are on business leave,
they are working.
I can hardly believe my eyes! — Я не верю своим глазам! *
I’ll be darned! — Провалиться мне на этом месте!
Would you believe it?! — Веришь ли?!
It must be...— Должно быть...
What a coincidence! — Какое совпадение!
Fancy that! — Подумать только!
You must be kidding! — Ты, должно быть, шутишь!
Right you are — Совершенно верно
Good job! — Молодец!
Look. — Послушай.
Same old Philip. — Все тот же старина Филипп.
NOTES
WORDS
chlorine — хлор corrosive — едкий dangerous — опасный explosive — взрывоопасный flammable — огнеопасный to happen — происходить immediately — немедленно to light — зажигать
mixed — смешанный
phosphorus — фосфор
skin — кожа
to spill — пролить
to splash - брызгать
sulphuric acid — серная кислота
unless — если не
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MARY: Excuse me, sir... Philip! I can hardly believe my eyes!
PHILIP: Mary... Mary Raffety! Oh, well, 141 be darned!
MAR Y: It must be all of... how many years?
PHILIP: Two... no... three. Would you believe it? And here we are in Tokyo. What a coincidence!
MAR Y: What are you doing here? Are you on vacation?
PHILIP: No, I work here. Teaching chemistry for The British Council. What about you?
MAR Y: The same with me. Assistant professor at the University.
PHILIP: I’ve just made a short presentation on safety in the laboratory.
MARY: Really? Fancy that! You must be kidding!
PHILIP: Well, why?
MAR Y: Because I’ve just done the same.
PHILIP: Oh, no! And how did you begin your talk?
MARY: Well, first I said that many of the chemicals could be dan
gerous.
PHILIP: Right. Phosphorus, sulphuric acid and chlorine, for instance. Did you tell them that chemicals must never be tasted?
MAR Y: Yes, sure. I also said that some chemicals are flammable.
PHILIP: Certainly. They could be explosive if the students try to light them under certain conditions. By the way, what about the chemicals that are corrosive. Have you mentioned them?
MARY: Oh, yes. I explained that if these chemicals are spilled or
splashed on the skin they must be washed off immediately with water.
PHILIP: Good job! I also spoke about the chemicals that are very reactive with one another.
MARY: Do you mean that students should never play with chemi
cals to see what happens when they are mixed?
PHILIP: Right you are! That’s why they shouldn’t stay in the laboratory unless a teacher is there.
MAR Y: Good job!
PHILIP: Look... Let’s have lunch together. There’s a cafe nearby.
MARY: Same old Philip!
Listen to the dialogue again and write out 1) all the expressions of surprise;
all the safety rules.
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Listen to the conversation again if necessary and summarize the instructions in the form that you see in the example below. You may add whatever rules you wish. Share your ideas With your fellow students.
Example: Stay out of the laboratory unless your teacher is there.
a) Change the safety rules you’ve written out from commands into requests. The expressions of request come handy: will you? could you? won't you?; please.
Example: A: Stay out of the laboratory unless your teacher is there.
B: Will you stay out of the laboratory unless your teacher is there?
Or:
A: Wear protective goggles.
B: Wear protective goggles, will you?
Or:
A: Don’t taste chemicals.
B: You won’t taste chemicals, will you?
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