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Within a cognitive approach the sentence as a unit of syntax is viewed in terms
of schematization or profiling or imagery. It means, as it has been already
discussed, that every grammatical construction possesses schematic
characteristics, provides some particular imagery or conceptualization for the
same event.
In this aspect the study of a transitive construction is very illustrative,
performed by such linguists as G.Lakoff, G. Taylor, A. Wierzbicka. The
prototypical transitive construction is built up according to a certain syntactic
pattern, which is
the subject қ the verb-predicate қ the direct object. Initially it encodes transitive
events: events which involve two participants, an agent and a patient, where an
agent consciously acts in such a way as to cause a change in state of a patient, and
its concept- structuring pattern or scheme is agent-action-patient. When the
speaker uses the transitive construction for naming a particular event or situation
he profiles it as a transitive event, that is he conceptualizes this particular event in
terms of a agent-action-patient schema, even if this particular event is not
inherently transitive. Let’s compare pairs of sentences which describe the same
situation:
a) He swam across the Channel;
b) He swam the Channel ( J.R. Taylor’s examples).
Sentence (a) denotes the location of swimming. Sentence (b) presents the event as
a transitive one and suggests its reading/conceptualization as follows: the Channel
is a challenge to the swimmer’s power. In this respect the sentence “He swam our
new swimming pool.” seems odd.
A. Wierzbicka analyses the use of two- objects- constructions, one object is
a patient, the other is an addressee, e.g.: John offered Mary a rose.
Such like constructions are used to encode events, where the patient is involved
into the action but doesn’t undergo any structural changes, for example
destruction. It means that this type of semantic-syntactic constructions profiles the
event in terms of an agent-action-addressee-patient scheme, where the action is
understood as “giving to”, (and in this aspect it becomes clear, why the sentence
“Kill me a spider.” is impossible).
Thus, if the traditional linguistics concentrates on the study of the formal,
structural and semantic properties of the syntax units, in the cognitive linguistics
the sentence, its syntactic structure or pattern, is understood in terms of
conceptualization, that is how the sentence, as a particular syntactic model,
performs the concept-structuring function.
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