The Lucifer Effect
nature of their behavioral context. It should be clear that not even the best psy-
chology can predict how each and every individual will behave in a given situa-
tion; some degree of individual variance always exists that cannot be accounted
for. Therefore, you may reject the lessons that we are about to learn as inapplica-
ble to yourself; you are the special case, the special end of the tail of the normal
distribution. However, know that you do so at the cost of being caught with your
defenses down and your tail twisted.
My advice about what to do in case you encounter a "dirty, rotten scoundrel,"
disguised as a nice guy or a sweet old lady, has been accumulated over many
decades from many personal experiences. As a scrawny, sickly kid trying to sur-
vive on the mean streets of my South Bronx ghetto, I had to learn basic street
smarts; these consisted of figuring out quickly how certain people would be likely
to act in certain situations. I got good enough at the skill to become a leader of the
gang, the team, or the class. Then I was trained by an unscrupulous boss, a Fagin-
like character in drag, on how to deceive Broadway theatergoers into checking
their hats and coats when they did not want to and to manipulate them into pay-
ing tips to get them back, when tipping was not required. As her apprentice, I be-
came experienced in selling expensive show programs when free versions were
available and in overdosing kids with loads of candy and drinks if their parents
were not chaperoning them to our candy counter. I was also trained to sell maga-
zines door to door, eliciting pity from, and thereby sales to, sympathetic tenement
dwellers. Later on, I studied formally the tactics police use to get confessions from
suspects, that state-sanctioned torturers use to get anything they want from their
victims, and that cult recruiters use in seducing the innocent into their dens. My
scholarship extended to studying the mind control tactics used by the Soviets and
the methods used by the Chinese Communists in the Korean War and in their
massive national thought reform programs. I also studied our own homegrown
mind manipulators in the CIA, the state-sponsored MKULTRA program,
6
and Jim
Jones's lethal charismatic power over his religious followers (described in earlier
chapters).
I have both counseled and learned from those who survived various cult ex-
periences. In addition, I have engaged in a lifetime of investigative research on
persuasion, compliance, dissonance, and group processes. My writing on some of
these topics includes a training manual for peace activists during the Vietnam
War, as well as several basic texts on attitude change and social influence.
7
These
credentials are offered only to bolster the communicator credibility of the infor-
mation provided next.
Promoting Altruism via the Virtuous Authority Experiment
Let us first imagine a "Reverse-Milgram" authority experiment. Our goal is to cre-
ate a setting in which people will comply with demands that intensify over time
to do good. The participants would be guided gradually to behave in ever-more-
altruistic ways, slowly but surely moving further than they could have imagined
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