Resisting Situational Influences and Celebrating Heroism
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practice what you preach. Models persuade far more effectively than words. For
example, in one set of experiments, children were exposed to an adult model that
preached either greed or charity to them in a persuasive sermon. However, that
adult then went on to practice either greedy or charitable actions. The results
showed that the children were more likely to do what the model did than what the
model had s a i d .
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The wisdom of the Talmudic scholars previously mentioned is consistent
with another social influence principle underlying our reverse-Milgram experi-
ment: Give someone an identity label of the kind that you would like them to have
as someone who will then do the action you want to elicit from them. When you
tell a person that he or she is helpful, altruistic, and kind, that person is more
likely to do helpful, altruistic, and kind behaviors for others. In the Stanford
Prison Experiment, we randomly assigned young men to the roles of prisoner and
guard, and they soon took on the manners and the behaviors of those roles. So,
too, if we tell someone that he or she is a helpful person, he or she will take on the
manners and actions consistent with that identity label. For example, researchers
have found that telling someone that he or she is "a generous person" increases
compliance with a request to make a large contribution to prevent multiple scle-
rosis: giving people feedback that they are kind makes them more likely to help
someone who has dropped a large number of cards; and those given a salient
identity as "blood donors" are more likely to continue to donate their own blood
to a stranger whom they don't expect ever to know or m e e t .
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One of the great advantages of our species is the ability to explore and under-
stand our social world and then to use what we know to make our lives better.
Throughout this book, we have seen the power of the situation to produce evil. I
now argue that we can take those same basic principles and use the power of the
situation to produce virtue. I fear for the future of humanity if my argument on
this point is a failure or if I fail in making my argument acceptable to you. Might
I suggest that you take a small step today in carrying out the reverse-Milgram ex-
periment in your own life? I think you are just the person to do it and to serve as a
role model for others in transforming our world to one with a more positive fu-
ture. If not you, then who?
A Ten-step Program to Resist Unwanted Influences
If we consider some of the social psychological principles that fostered the evils
we saw during the course of our journey, then once again—as we have just done
in constructing the Goodness Generator example—let us use variants of those
principles to get people to accentuate the positive and eliminate the negative in
their lives. Given the range of different types of influence, it would be necessary to
tailor resistance to each type. Combating wrong dissonant commitments requires
different tactics from opposing compliance-gaining strategies used on us. Con-
fronting persuasive speeches and powerful communicators forces us to use differ-
ent principles than we need for dealing with those who would dehumanize us or
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