The Lucifer Effect
havioral context that has the power, through its reward and normative functions,
to give meaning and identity to the actor's roles and status. The System consists of
the agents and agencies whose ideology, values, and power create situations and
dictate the roles and expectations for approved behaviors of actors within its
spheres of influence.
In this, the final phase of our journey, we will consider advice about how to
prevent or combat negative situational forces that act upon all of us from time to
time. We will explore how to resist influences that we neither want nor need but
that rain upon us daily. We are not slaves to the power of situational forces. But
we must learn methods of resisting and opposing them. In all the situations we
have explored together, there were always a few, a minority, who stood firm. The
time has come to try to expand their numbers by. thinking about how they were
able to resist.
If I have in some measure brought you to appreciate that under some cir-
cumstances You might behave in the ways that participants did in the research
conditions outlined here and in the real prison of Abu Ghraib, I ask you to con-
sider now, could you also accept a conception of You as a Hero? We will celebrate
also the good in human nature, the heroes among us, and the heroic imagination
in all of us.
L E A R N I N G H O W T O R E S I S T U N W A N T E D I N F L U E N C E S
People with paranoid disorders have great difficulty in conforming to, complying
with, or responding to a persuasive message, even when it is offered by their well-
meaning therapists or loved ones. Their cynicism and distrust create an isolating
barrier that shields them from involvement in most social encounters. Because
they are adamantly resistant to social pressures, they provide an extreme model
for immunity to influence, though obviously at great psychic cost. At the other
end of the scale are the overly gullible, unconditionally trusting people who are
easy marks for any and every scam artist.
Among them are the many people who fall prey to frauds, scams, and confi-
dence games at some time in their lives. A full 12 percent of Americans are de-
frauded by con-artist criminals each year, sometimes losing their life savings. It is
likely that this figure is shared by people in most nations. Although the ma-
jority of those defrauded are over fifty years old, at a time of life when wisdom
should prevail, many people of all ages are regularly duped by tricksters in tele-
marketing, health care, and lottery s c a m s .
1
Remember the phony authority hoax perpetrated on an innocent teenager at
a McDonald's restaurant that was described in chapter 1 2 ? Surely you asked
yourself, "How could she and those adults duped by this caller be so stupid?" Well,
this same hoax was effective in getting many other fast-food restaurant personnel
to follow that false authority blindly. How many? Recall in a dozen different restau-
rant chains in nearly seventy different establishments, in thirty-two states!
2
We
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