Abu Ghraib's Abuses and Tortures
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What had they been thinking as they made their "trophy photos"? Finally, the
soon-to-be-iconic image of psychological torture appeared. A hooded prisoner
was precariously perched on a cardboard box with his arms outstretched and
electric wires attached to his fingers. He had been led to believe (by Sgt. Davis) that
if his legs gave way and he fell off the perch, he would be electrocuted. His hood
was lifted briefly to see the wires leading from the wall to his body. They were false
electrodes that aimed at inducing anxiety, not physical pain. How long he shud-
dered in absolute fear for his life we don't know, but we can readily imagine the
trauma of his experience and empathize with this hooded man.
At least a dozen images swept across the screen; I wanted to turn off the TV
but could not look away because I was captured by the vivid power of the pictures
and their violation of expectation. Before even beginning to entertain hypotheses
about what could possibly have induced such behavior in these soldiers, I was as-
sured, along with the rest of the nation, that the torture was the work of only a
few "bad apples." General Richard B. Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
in a television interview declared his surprise at these allegations and astonish-
ment at the images of criminal abuse. However, he said, he was certain that there
was no evidence that the abuses were "systemic." To the contrary, he asserted
that they were the isolated work of a handful of "rogue soldiers." According to
this authoritative military spokesperson, fully 9 9 . 9 percent of American soldiers
were performing in exemplary fashion overseas—meaning that there was no
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The Lucifer Effect
need to be alarmed at the less than 1 percent of them who were defective soldiers
carrying out these abominable abuses.
"Frankly, I think all of us are disappointed by the actions of the few," said
Brigadier General Mark Kimmitt, interviewed on the 60 Minutes II show. "Every
day we love our soldiers, but frankly, some days we're not always proud of our sol-
diers." It was comforting to know that only a few rotten soldiers, serving as prison
guards in America's many military prisons, were engaged in such unthinkable
acts of wanton torture.
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Wait a minute. How could General Myers know that this was an isolated in-
cident before having conducted a thorough investigation of his system of military
prisons in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Cuba? The exposé had just been revealed; there
had not been sufficient time for anyone to have done a thorough investigation in
order to make such an assertion. There was something troubling about this
authoritative declaration to absolve the System and blame the few at the bottom
of the barrel. His claim was reminiscent of what police chiefs tell the media when-
ever police abuse of criminal suspects is revealed—blame the few rotten-apple-
bad-cops—to deflect the focus away from the norms and usual practices in the
back rooms of police stations or the police department itself. This rush to attribute
a "bad-boy" dispositional judgment to the few offenders is all too common among
the guardians of the System. In the same way, school principals and teachers use
that device to blame particularly "disruptive" students instead of taking the time
to evaluate the alienating effects of boring curricula or poor classroom practices
of specific teachers that might provoke such disruptions.
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld denounced the acts as "terrible" and
"inconsistent with the values of our nation." "The photographic depictions of
U.S. military personnel that the public has seen have unquestionably offended
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