The SPE: Ethics and Extensions
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trination devices that are disguised as "education" in the classroom: national
flags; pictures of national leaders; national anthems; prayers; and being forced to
read historical narratives and geography and civics textbooks that often give a bi-
ased view of history and are designed by every society as propaganda to maintain
the status quo? The point here is that we must increase our collective sensitivity to
the broad range of daily situations where interventions occur as a "natural"
process of social life and where a violation of ethics goes unnoticed because of its
prevalent and insidious presence.
A B S O L U T E E T H I C S
For the sake of brevity, we may say that ethics can be categorized as "absolute" or
"relative." When behavior is guided by absolute ethical standards, a higher-order
moral principle that is invariant with regard to the conditions of its applicability
can be postulated—across time, situations, persons, and expediency. Such ab-
solute ethics are embodied in communal codes of conduct. These codes are often
based upon adherence to a set of explicit principles, as in the Ten Commandments
or the Bill of Rights. Such absolute ethics allow no degree of freedom that might
justify means to an end or circumstances that might qualify instances where the
principle is suspended or applied in an altered, watered-down form. In the ex-
treme, no extenuating circumstances can justify an abrogation of the ethical
standard.
An absolute ethical standard postulates that because human life is sacred it
must not in any way be demeaned, however unintentionally. In the case of re-
search, there is no justification for any experiment that induces h u m a n suffering.
From such a position, it is even reasonable to maintain that no research should be
conducted in psychology or medicine that violates the biological or psychological
integrity of any human being regardless of the benefit that might, or even defi-
nitely accrue to the society at large.
Those who adopt this perspective argue that even if the actions that cause
suffering are conducted in the name of science, for the sake of knowledge, "na-
tional security," or any other high-flying abstraction—they are unethical. Within
psychology, those closely identified with the humanist tradition have been most
vocal in urging that the basic concern for h u m a n dignity must take precedence
over the stated goals of the discipline, namely, to predict and control behavior.
The SPE W a s Absolutely Unethical
On the basis of such an absolute ethic, the Stanford Prison Experiment must cer-
tainly be judged unethical because human beings did suffer considerable an-
guish. People suffered much more than they could have reasonably anticipated
when they volunteered for an academic study of "prison life" that was being con-
ducted at a prestigious university. Moreover, that suffering escalated over time
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