The SPE's Meaning and Messages 203
situations we recorded were the following responses: giving commands, insulting
prisoners, deindividualizing prisoners, showing aggression toward prisoners,
threatening, and using instruments against them.
At first, the prisoners resisted the guards, notably in the early days of the
study and later, when Clay-416 went on his hunger strike. The prisoners tended
to positively individuate others, asked questions of them, gave information to
them, and rarely showed the negative behavior toward others that became typical
of the dominating guards. Again, this occurred only in the first days of the study.
On the other hand, the two most
infrequent behaviors we observed over the six
days of our study were individuating others and helping others. Only one such in-
cident of helping was recorded—a solitary sign of human concern for a fellow
human being occurred between two prisoners.
The recordings also underscore quantitatively what was observed over the
course of the study: the guards continually escalated their harassment of the pris-
oners. If we compare two of the
first prisoner-guard interactions during the counts
with two of the
last, we note that in an equivalent unit of time, no deindividuat-
ing references occurred initially, but a robust average of 5.4 occurred in the last
counts. Similarly, the guards spoke few deprecating insults initially, only an aver-
age of 0.3, but by the last day they degraded the prisoners an average of 5.7 times
in the same length of time.
According to the temporal analysis from this video data, what the prisoners
did was simply to behave less and less over time. There was a general decrease
across all behavioral categories over time. They did little initiating, simply becom-
ing increasingly passive as the days and nights moved numbingly on.
The video analysis also clearly showed that the "John Wayne" night shift was
hardest on the prisoners compared to the other two shifts. The behavior of the
guards on this tough and cruel shift differed significantly from those that pre-
ceded and followed it in the following ways: issuing more commands (an average
of 9.3 versus 4.0, respectively, for standardized units of time); giving more than
twice as many deprecating insults toward the prisoners (5.2 versus 2.3, respec-
tively). They also resorted more often to aggressively punishing the prisoners than
did the guards on the other shifts. The more subtle verbal aggression in Arnett's
shift is not detected in these analyses.
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