The Lucifer Effect
the Marines entered three homes and methodically killed most of the occupants,
including seven children and four women, by gunshots and grenades. They also
shot dead a taxi driver and four students who had stopped their taxi on the road
nearby.
There was clearly an attempted cover-up by senior Marine officers when they
realized that these were unprovoked murders of civilians by Marines who had
abandoned the rules of engagement. In March 2 0 0 6 the battalion commander
and two of his company commanders were relieved of command; one said that he
was a "political casualty." Several more investigations are under way at this writ-
ing and may even find more senior commanders culpable. It is important to add to
this terrible tale that these Marines from the 3rd Platoon, Kilo Company, were ex-
perienced soldiers, on their second and third tour of duty. They had engaged in
fierce fighting earlier in Fallujah where nearly half their buddies were killed or se-
riously wounded in combat. So, there was a lot of anger and feelings of revenge
building up before the Haditha m a s s a c r e .
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War is hell on soldiers, but it is always worse on civilians and especially chil-
dren in battle zones, when the soldiers stray off the moral path, acting cruelly
against them. In another recent incident under investigation, U.S. forces killed as
many as thirteen civilians in the hamlet of Ishaqi, Iraq. Some were found tied up
and shot in the head, including several children. U.S. military officials, acknowl-
edging that "noncombatants" had been killed, called the casualties "collateral
deaths" (again this is an instance of euphemistic labeling associated with moral
disengagement) .
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Imagine what happens when a senior officer gives soldiers permission to kill
civilians. Four soldiers accused of killing three unarmed Iraqi men during a house
raid in the city of Tikrit, Iraq, were told by their brigade commander, Colonel
Michael Steele, to "kill all the male insurgents, terrorists." The soldier who re-
ported this new rule of engagement was threatened by his colleagues if he told
anyone about the shooting d e a t h s .
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One of the worst horrors of war is the rape of innocent civilian women by
soldiers, as was documented in the massacre of the Tutsi women by Hutu militia
in Rwanda, described in chapter 1. A new allegation of similarly horrible bru-
tality has surfaced in Iraq, where a group of U.S. soldiers ( 1 0 1 s t Airborne Divi-
sion) are accused in federal court of raping a fourteen-year-old girl after killing
her parents and four-year-old sister, then shooting her in the head and burning
all the bodies. The evidence is clear that they intended this bloody assault by first
changing out of uniform (so as not to be identified) after eyeing the young girl at
their traffic checkpoint and proceeding to murder her family before abusing her.
The military had initially blamed the murders on i n s u r g e n t s .
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This suspension of self-constraints against cruelty that is all too common
among soldiers in combat zones is not limited to the U.S. military. British soldiers
were videotaped as they beat up Iraqi youths. The cameraman, a corporal in that
unit, c a n be heard laughing as he urges his comrades to enjoy their abuses. Obvi-
Putting the System on Trial
ously, the prime minister, Tony Blair, has promised a probe into what one of his
military spokesmen describes as the actions limited to a "tiny number of sol-
diers."
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At least he had the decency not to use the "bad apples" metaphor.
Let us next go beyond abstract generalizations, statistics, and military inves-
tigations to listen to the confessions of several U.S. Army interrogators about
what they saw and what they themselves did in abusing detainees. As we will see,
they go on record as reporting on the widespread abuse and patterns of torture
they witnessed and which they personally practiced.
We will also briefly review the recently revealed program at Gitmo that en-
abled young female interrogators, nicknamed "torture chicks" by the media, to
employ a variety of sexual lures in their arsenal of interrogation tactics. Their
presence and tactics must have been done with commanders' approval; they did
not just decide to "sex out" in Cuba on their own initiative. We will learn that not
only did the lowly Army Reserve MPs on Tier 1A engage in despicable acts of
abuse, but even elite soldiers and military officers performed many even more
brutal acts of violence against prisoners.
Finally, we will see the scope of torture as virtually boundless, because the
United States "outsources" torture to other countries in programs known as "ren-
ditions," "extraordinary renditions," and even "reverse renditions." We will dis-
cover that not only did Saddam torture his people, the United States did so, and
the new Iraqi regime also has been torturing its countrymen and women in secret
prisons throughout Iraq. One can only feel sorrow for Iraqis when their torturers
come packaged in so many different guises.
Next Up: W i t n e s s e s for the Prosecution
Specialist Anthony Lagouranis (retired) was an Army interrogator for five years
( 2 0 0 1 to 2 0 0 5 ) with a tour of duty in Iraq during 2 0 0 4 . Although first stationed
at Abu Ghraib, Lagouranis was assigned to a special intelligence-gathering unit
that serviced detention facilities throughout Iraq. When he talks about the "cul-
ture of abuse" that permeated interrogations throughout Iraq, his database is
countrywide and not Tier l A - s p e c i f i c .
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Then there is Sergeant Roger Brokaw (retired), who worked at Abu Ghraib
for six months as an interrogator, starting in spring 2 0 0 3 . Brokaw reports that
few of those with whom he talked, maybe only 2 percent, were dangerous or were
insurgents; most had been brought in or singled out by Iraqi police who had a
grudge against somebody or simply didn't like him. Both men say that one of the
reasons intelligence gathering was so ineffective was that detention facilities were
overflowing with people who had no good information to give. Many had been
picked up in roundups of all the males in entire families in an area of insurgent
activity. Because there were relatively few trained interrogators or translators
available, by the time these detainees were interviewed any information they
might have had was cold and outdated.
A lot of frustration arose from expending so much effort for so few solid
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