P u t t i n g t h e System on Trial
411
Among all the other horror images in Corporal Graner's digital camera were
several photos of that very same "Ice Man" that were recorded for posterity. First,
there was a photo of an attractive, smiling Specialist Sabrina Harman bending
over al-Jamadi's battered body with a thumbs-up sign. Then Graner got into the
mix to add his approving smile to hers, before the "Ice Man" melted away. For
sure, Chip and the other night shift MPs knew what had just gone down. If such
things could happen and be so deftly handled, then the dungeon of Tier 1 Alpha
was the "Romper Room," where anything went. Had they not taken those photos
and had Darby not sounded the alarm, the world might never have learned what
had happened in that once secret place.
Nonetheless, the CIA continues unshackled in any way by laws that should
restrain its agents from torturing and murdering people, even in its global war on
terrorism. Ironically, Swanner has admitted that he obtained no useful information
from this murdered ghost detainee.
This involvement of the CIA in torture is nothing new and is evident in the
analysis by the historian Alfred McCoy in his recent book documenting its role
from the Cold War to the Terror War. According to McCoy, the shocking pho-
tographs of abuse from Abu Ghraib are nothing new. In his view:
If we look closely at these grainy images, we can see the geneology of CIA
torture techniques, from their origins in the 1 9 5 0 s to their present-day
perfection. Indeed, the photographs from Iraq illustrate standard interro-
gation practice inside the global gulag of secret CIA prisons that have op-
erated, on executive authority, since the start of the war on terror. These
photos, and later investigations they prompted, offer telltale signs that the
CIA was both the lead agency at Abu Ghraib and the source of systematic
tortures practiced in Guantanamo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. In this light,
the nine soldiers court-martialed for the abuse at Abu Ghraib were simply
following orders. Responsibility for their actions lies much higher, much
higher, up the chain of c o m m a n d .
2 6
On Trial: Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez
Like Rumsfeld, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez also loudly acknowledged his
responsibility: "As senior commander in Iraq, I accept responsibility for what hap-
pened at Abu Ghraib."
2 7
However, such responsibility should bear appropriate
consequences and not be employed as photo op public gesturing. Human Rights
Watch includes this top commander among the big four who should stand trial
for torture and war crimes. Its report states:
Lt. Gen. Sanchez should be investigated for war crimes and torture either
as a principal or under the doctrine of "command responsibility." Gen.
Sanchez authorized interrogation methods that violate the Geneva Con-
ventions and the Convention against Torture. According to Human Rights
4 1 2
The Lucifer Effect
Watch, he knew, or should have known, that torture and war crimes were
committed by troops under his direct command, but failed to take effective
measures to stop these acts.
I am putting General Sanchez on trial in this book because of the fact that, in
the words of the HRW report, "he promulgated interrogation rules and tech-
niques that violated the Geneva Conventions and the Convention against Torture,
and further that he knew or should have known about torture and war crimes
committed by troops under his command."
Given the lack of "actionable intelligence" being gathered at Guantânamo
Bay Prison despite months of interrogations, there was pressure on everyone to
get the goods on the terrorists, and to do so immediately, by all means necessary.
Mark Danner reported an e-mail sent by the military intelligence officer Captain
William Ponce to his colleagues, urging them to provide an "interrogation wish
list" by mid-August 2 0 0 3 . The captain infused his message with an ominous fore-
shadowing of what was to come at Abu Ghraib: "The gloves are coming off gen-
tlemen regarding these detainees." His message continued, "Col Boltz [the
second-ranking MI commander in Iraq] has made it clear that we want these in-
dividuals broken. Casualties are mounting and we need to start gathering info to
help protect our fellow soldiers from any further a t t a c k s . "
2 8
General Geoffrey Miller, then recently put in charge of the detention facilities
at Gitmo, headed a visiting team of specialists to Iraq from August to September
2 0 0 3 . His mission was to spread the new get-tough interrogation policies to Gen-
erals Sanchez, Karpinski, and other officers. "General Miller put his finger in
Sanchez' chest and told him he wanted the information," according to Karpin-
s k i .
2 9
Miller was able to push these other officers around only with obvious sup-
port from Rumsfeld and other high-ranking generals, based on his so-called
successes at Gitmo.
Sanchez formalized his rules for interrogation in a memo on September 1 4 ,
2 0 0 3 , introducing more extreme measures than had been practiced by his MPs
and M I s .
3 0
Some of his explicitly stated goals were to "create fear, disorient de-
tainees and capture shock." These newly approved techniques that came by way
of Rumsfeld via Miller, included:
Presence of Military Working Dog: Exploits Arab fear of dogs while main-
taining security during interrogations. Dogs will be muzzled and under
control of . . . handler at all times to prevent contact with detainee.
Sleep Management: Detainee provided minimum 4 hours of sleep per 24
hour period, not to exceed 72 continuous hours.
Yelling, Loud Music and Light Control: Used to create fear, disorient
detainee and prolong capture shock. Volume controlled to prevent in-
jury.
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