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The Lucifer Effect
"I hope the investigation [of inmate abuses] is including not only the people
who committed the crimes, but some of the people that might have encouraged
these crimes as well," said Brigadier General Mark Kimmitt, deputy director for
Coalition operations in Iraq, in an interview with Dan Rather on 60 Minutes II.
"Because they certainly share some level of responsibility as well." (We will note
that the System has been slow in accusing and investigating its own officials.)
Chip Frederick also had general custody of fifteen to twenty "ghost de-
tainees," prisoners who were listed only as OGA—Other Government Agency—
property. Because they were assumed to be high-ranking officials who had
valuable information to give, the interrogators were given latitude to use all
means necessary to extract that actionable information. These detainees were
"ghosts" because there was no official record of them ever having been at that
site, never officially listed, without any ID. During our interview, Chip confided, "I
saw one of them after he was killed by Delta Force soldiers. They killed this guy. I
got the impression that nobody cared. Nobody cared what happened in t h e r e . "
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That "guy" was a ghost detainee who had been severely beaten by a Navy
SEALs unit, then hung on a rack during interrogation by a CIA agent, suffocated
to death, then packed in ice and put into a body bag with an IV inserted in his arm
(by a medic) so that his murderers could pretend he was sick and being taken to
the hospital in the morning. Before he was dumped somewhere by a cab driver,
some of the MPs (Graner and Harman) on the night shift had their pictures taken
with him as souvenirs, just for the record. (We will revisit this case in more detail
in the following chapter.) However, the effect of the MPs on night shift witnessing
these and other instances of grim abuse by a variety of visitors to their Tier 1A
was certainly to establish a new social norm of abuse acceptability. If it were pos-
sible to get away with murder, what h a r m was there in just smacking around
some resistant detainees or embarrassing them by making them take humiliating
positions? they reasoned.
The Fear Factor
There was much to fear within those prison walls—not only for the prisoners but
also for Chip Frederick and all the other guards. As is the case in most prisons,
prisoners with time on their hands and ingenuity will fashion weapons out of vir-
tually anything available to them. Here their weapons were made from metal bro-
ken off from beds or windows, broken glass, and sharpened toothbrushes. With
less ingenuity and some money, prisoners could bribe the Iraqi guards to supply
them with guns, knives, bayonets, and ammunition. For a fee. these guards would
also transfer notes and letters to and from family members. Frederick had been
warned by guys in the 72nd MP Company, which his unit replaced, that many of
the Iraqi guards were very corrupt—they even assisted escape attempts by provid-
ing security information, facility maps, clothes, and weapons. They also smuggled
in drugs to the detainees. Although Frederick was nominally in charge of these
guards, they would refuse to make rounds of the tiers, and usually they just sat
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