The Lucifer Effect
enmeshed in a "total situation," of the kind that the psychologist Robert Jay Lifton
had earlier described as facilitating mind control in cults and in the North Korean
prisoner-of-war camps.
Many Others on the All-Night S c e n e
The two MP reservists who served most often on the night shift in Alpha Tier were
Corporal Charles Graner, Jr., and Specialist Megan Ambuhl. Graner was put in di-
rect charge of Tier 1A during the night shift, given that Chip had to move around
to supervise the other tiers. When they were off duty. Specialist Sabrina Harman
replaced them. Sometimes Sergeant Javal Davis would fill in. Private First Class
Lynndie England was a file clerk who was not assigned to this duty but visited
often to be with her boyfriend, Charles Graner. She celebrated her twenty-first
birthday on the tier. Specialist Armin Cruz, of the 3 2 5 t h Military Intelligence Bat-
talion, was also frequently around that tier.
There were also "dog handlers," soldiers who came on the tier to use their
dogs either to intimidate prisoners into talking or to force prisoners out of their
cells if they were suspected of having weapons, or just for a show of force. Five
such teams were sent to Abu Ghraib in November 2 0 0 3 , having had practice at
the Guantânamo Bay Prison. (Two of these dog handlers, who were later found
guilty of prisoner abuse, were Sergeant Michael Smith and Staff Sergeant Santos
Cardona.) Nurses and medics also visited on occasion, when some special medical
problem arose. Also present were a number of civilian contractors from the Titan
Corporation, who did the interrogation of those detainees suspected of having in-
formation about insurgency activities or knowledge of terrorist activities. They
often required translators to assist them in their interactions with the detainee-
suspects. FBI, CIA, and military intelligence personnel were also around at times
for special interrogations.
As might be expected, high-ranking military visitors were rarely around in
the middle of the night. Commander Karpinski never visited Tiers 1 A / B during
the months that Chip was on duty, except once when giving a TV tour. One re-
servist in that unit reported seeing Karpinski only twice in the five months he was
at Abu Ghraib. A few other officers made brief appearances in the late afternoon.
Chip used those rare occasions to report problems with the facility and to suggest
changes he hoped could be made; none ever was. Various other people, who were
not in uniform and had no identification, came and went to and from these two
tiers. No one was supposed to ask to see their credentials, so they operated in total
anonymity. Against the rules of military conduct, civilian contractors gave orders
to the MP guards about things they wanted done to prepare particular prisoners
for interrogation. Soldiers on duty are not supposed to take orders from civilians.
This line has become increasingly blurred with the rise in use of civilian contract
personnel to fulfill roles previously handled by military intelligence.
Chip's letters and e-mail messages home clearly told that a key function that
he and the other MP reservists on Tier 1 Alpha served was to help the interroga-
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