*Abu Ghraib Prison was officially closed as of August 15, 2 0 0 6 , and all remaining prisoners
shipped to Camp Cropper, near the Baghdad airport.
Abu Ghraib's Abuses and T o r t u r e s
335
MREs (Meals Ready to Eat) out of containers. A mess hall was finally constructed
in December 2 0 0 3 . In summary. I cannot express the scene better than did a war-
rant officer in charge of military investigations there who told me just how terri-
ble it was to work in such a place "that for a long time resembled hell on e a r t h . "
1 4
Eighty Acres of Hell
American history buffs will remind us at this point that an even more hellish
prison was created and maintained by the U.S. military during and after the Civil
War. Camp Douglas was the prison a few miles outside of Chicago where thou-
sands of captured Confederate prisoners were sent for safekeeping, ft was poorly
conceived on reclaimed swampland, with inadequate resources, indecisive and
lax leadership, no clear guidelines for dealing with POWs, and great hostility
against these Confederate "traitors" on the part of local civilians and the small
battalion of guards who supervised as many as five thousands prisoners. Camp
Douglas became known as "eighty acres of Hell" because thousands of prisoners
died there, as slave laborers, from starvation, brutal beatings, torture, willful mis-
treatment, and a host of contagious diseases and viral disorders. The equivalent
Hell on Earth in the South for captured Union soldiers was the better-known An-
dersonville P r i s o n .
1 5
The New Commander Arrives On-site, But Sight Unseen
In June 2 0 0 3 a new officer was put in charge of the Iraqi prison disaster. Army
Reserve Brigadier General Janis Karpinski was made commander of the 8 0 0 t h
Military Police Brigade, which operated Abu Ghraib Prison and was in charge of
all other military prisons in Iraq. The appointment was strange for two reasons:
Karpinsky was the only female commander in the war zone, and she had ab-
solutely no experience in running any kind of prison system. Now she was sup-
posed to command three large jails, seventeen prisons throughout Iraq, eight
battalions of soldiers, hundreds of Iraqi guards, and thirty-four hundred inexpe-
rienced Army Reservists, as well as the special Interrogation Center in Tier 1 A. It
was an overwhelming demand to be put on the shoulders of such an inexperi-
enced Army Reserve officer.
According to several sources, Karpinski soon abandoned her post at Abu
Ghraib because of its dangers and awful living conditions and retreated to the
safety and security of Camp Victory, near the Baghdad airport. Because Karpinski
was off-site much of the time, traveling often to Kuwait, there was no top-down
authoritative supervision of the facility on a day-to-day basis. Moreover, she
claims that those higher up in the chain of command told her that Tier 1A was a
"special site" and was not under her direct supervision—so she never visited it.
Having a woman who was only nominally in charge also encouraged sexist
attitudes among the soldiers that led to a breakdown in ordinary military disci-
pline and order. "General Karpinski's subordinates at Abu Ghraib at times disre-
garded her commands and didn't enforce codes on wearing uniforms and
336
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