The Lucifer Effect
influential celebrity for terrible acts of torture. One slight difference between the
fraternity "hell night" scene and the Abu Ghraib torture scene is, of course, that
fraternity pledges have the choice of whether to endure hazing as a testament of
their commitment to joining a college society. They are not forcibly subjected,
without their prior consent, to such humiliation and torment by a hostile, enemy
occupation force.
Senator James Inhofe (Republican, Oklahoma), a member of the Senate
Armed Services Committee, before which Secretary Rumsfeld had testified, was
outraged. However, he avowed that he was "more outraged by the outrage"
caused by the photographs than by what they depicted. He blamed the victims for
deserving their abuse and the media for publicizing the images. "These prisoners,
you know they're not there for traffic violations. If they're in Cellblock 1-A or
1-B, these prisoners, they're murderers, they're terrorists, they're insurgents.
Many of them probably have American blood on their hands, and here we're so
concerned about the treatment of those individuals." He continued his attack by
arguing that the media were provoking further violence against Americans
around the world by publicizing the outrage caused by showing the photos.
8
The Pentagon used similar reasoning in its effort to block the release of these
images. However, Major General Donald Ryder's internal Army report challenged
the view that these prisoners were violent, noting that some Iraqis were held for
long periods simply because they had expressed "displeasure or ill will" toward
U.S. forces. Other accounts make it evident that many of the inmates were "inno-
cent civilians" (according to the prison superintendent, Brigadier General Janis
Karpinski). They had been picked up in military sweeps of towns where insurgent
activity had occurred. In these sweeps, all the male family members, including
young boys, were incarcerated in the nearest military prison and then often taken
to Abu Ghraib for questioning.
Although I have seen many horrifying images of extreme abuse in conduct-
ing research on torture in Brazil and in preparing lectures on torture, something
at once struck me as being different and yet familiar about the images that were
emerging from the exotically named Abu Ghraib Prison. The difference had to do
with the playfulness and shamelessness displayed by the perpetrators. It was just
"fun and games," according to the seemingly shameless Private Lynndie England,
whose smiling face belied the chaos going on around her. Nevertheless, a sense of
the familiar was haunting me. With a shock of recognition, I realized that watch-
ing some of these images made me relive the worst scenes from the Stanford
Prison Experiment. There were the bags over prisoners' heads; the nakedness; the
sexually humiliating games that entailed camels humping or men leapfrogging
over each other with their genitals exposed. These comparable abuses had been
imposed by college student guards on their college student prisoners. In addition,
just as in our study, the worst abuses had occurred during the night shift! More-
over, in both cases the prisoners were being held in pretrial detention.
It was as though the worst-case scenario of our prison experiment had been
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