Lu. C. 3oKHpob ahtponoreh ba amajima jiahfllljacdtllJyHOaimk uj. C3Okmrob

LU.C.3oKHpOB
AHTPOnorEH BA AMAJIMA
JIAHflllJACDTLlJyHOaiMK
UJ.C3OKMROB
AHTPOnorEH BA AMAJIMA
HAHAUJA

ToLUKeHT
«ynnBepcHTei»
1998
ym6y K^AAaHMa /laHfliiiacfcTiijyHocAMK tpaHHfla KeHHHru 25 hhji Mo6anHHfla loaara xejiran Ba liiajcnjraHraH anrpono- ren ^aMfla awa/iHH naHflujatpTUjyHocjiHK wyHa/imijjiapkiHnnr acocHM MaaMyHHHH ohh6 6epniura KapaTM/iran. by hkkh nyHa/iHtu «JlaHfltua4)TiiiyHOC/iHK acocnapH» tcypcHHKHr hkkk- ia hhpmk MaaaynHH jaiuKwi KkwafiH.
K^wiawwa ynnBeparrerjiapnHnr reorpa4»^ MyHaAHiuufla Tat/iMM o/iaeiraH lanafianapH ea Myraxaccnc reorpacfyiap yqyH My/wcaananraH.
Mactyji MyxappHfx pou. n.H.FyAOMo&.
© iwepunw> HHUpHeTH -1998
KKPHLU
PIhcoh 6nnaH y niiiaMflnran ea ^aex KeHHpaflHran ra6nnn Myxnr opacnfla pyn 6epaflwraH anoKaflopnHK ea yaapo rabcwp reorpacp- nap, 3Konornap aa 6cxuKa Kyruia6 ra6HarujyHoc onHMnapHHHr AHKKar 3t>th6ophhh >xa/i6 kh/ih6 KenraH. MyHKH hhcoh naM 6ouiKa thphk MaBJxyfloflnap Ka6n Ta6naTHHHr 6np KHCMHflMp. VHHHr MaB/KyA/iHTH Ta6nHH My>$HTAa Kocnn 6ynaflMraH Typ/iH HebMarnap ea raGnHH 6oK/iHK/iap 6wnaH 6of/ihkahp. Hhcoh ana tuy Ta6nnH Het>MaT aa 6oH/iHK/iapflaH cfcoHflanaHaflH Ba Ta6naT - >ksm hht th3h- MHflarn MOflfla ea 3HeprH« a/iMauiHHHuiHfla 4>aon HunnpoK arafln. V Ta6nHH 6oH/iHK/iapflaH cpoHflanaHHui >KapaeHMfla Mexnar KH/iaflH sa Typ/iH xma MexHaT tcyponnapM, tuy >KyM/iaflaH, rexHHKaflaH 4>ow- flananaflH. HaTnxafla Ta6naT - xcaMHHT TH3HMHflarw yaapo rabcwp ua a/ioicaflop/tHK/iap KynaMH KeHrasifln, MaruKyfl MOflfla ea SHeprnn a/iMaujHHHUJH >KapaeHHfla rypnw xnn HOMyraHOcn6/iHK/iap io3ara KenaflH. Hhcoh nuja6, naeT KeMHpaflnraH Ta6nHH MyxnTHHHr Typnn HHKHHflH MOflflanap 6h/ibh Hcp/iocnaHHUJH, 3axap/iaHHiUH ea hhcoh xaeTH ynyH xaacp/iH 3ko/kxmk Ba3HRT/iapHHHT K>3ara k6/ihujh 3aMH- HHfla ana uiy HOMyraHOCH6/iHK/iap exaflH. LUyHHHr ynyH MaaiKyA Ta6nHH pecypcnap: xaso, cye, ep, rypnn MHHepan xom awe 6oh- flHKnapHflaH ryrpn aa oKnnoHa 0oHflanaHHUJ uiy KyHHHHT sht flo/iaap6 Ba xaeiHH MyaMMonapHflaH 6npn 6ynn6 KonMOKfla. 5y MyaMMO >Kyfla MypaKKa6, cep^Hppa sa flyHeBHH MyaMMO 6ynn6, yHH 4>aJcaT uyx;yp >vimhh acocflarnHa ryrpn ^an 3thuj MyMKHH 6yna- flH. ByHflan h/imhh acocHH Huj/ia6 HHKHiufla >xyfla Kyn cpaw/iap y3 XHCcacHHH KyuiHUjH, xycycaH, ra6nHH rerpacfjHfl aa yHHHr «y3arM» XHco6naHMHUj naHfltuacpTUjyHocnHKHMHr xH3MaTH Kana 6ynuuJM Kepax. HyHKH reoiHjHMnap, tuy >KyMnaflaH /laHfliuactnnap uyKyp aa >\ap TOMOH/iaMa ypraHH/iMaca, Ta6nHH MyxwrHH hhcoh cpaonnflTH can6nn rabCHpHflaH Myxocpaaa KHnHUJ, yHHHr KonaTMHM nxujMna6 6opnuJ MyaMMOCH MyaMMonnrwHa KonasepaflH.
Uhcoh 6wnaH Ta6naT opacHflarw yaapo rabcnp Ba anonaflop- nwK/iapHMHr mokhhthhm ohh6 6epnuifla xaMfla 6y rabcwp ea anoKa- flopnMK/iapHHHr HaTHxunapHHM 6axonauifla, Ta6wHM 6oanHKnapflaH OKnnoHa cpOHflana 'nui Ba arpocp MyxnTHH Myxcxpaaa KnnHiu Maca nanapHHH xan auuufla aManwM naHfluiacpTUjyHocnHK 6wnaH aHTpo- noieH naHfliua.pT/iap xaKHflarM TabnnMor hamhh HaaapwM acoc 6ynn6 XM3Mar KHnHuiH MyMKHH.
AHiponoreH naHfluiacpTUjyHOcnHK xaM, aManMM naHfliuacpTUjy- HocnwK xaM Taxnjvi KnnaflnraH Macana sa MyaMMonap -JlaHfluiacpT-
uiyHoc/iMK acoc/iapw* Kypcn ypraHaflkiraH flo/iaap6 wacana sa MyawMo/iapflaHflwp.
5nno6apMn, yw6y Ky/i/iaHMa reorpact>Ms wyna/iHtiiHAa Tai/iHM oiaeTraH Ta/ia6anap ynyH My/wa/i/iaHraH «JtaH^uiact>TuiyHoa/iHK acoc/iapw» (LU.C.3oKHpoB, 1994) Ky/i/iaHMacMHMHf yaanii flaBOMM XHCo6/taHaAw. JlaHfiUiacpTuiyHocnwKHkfHr 6y mkkh hjimhw wyHa- /iHiuHpa KyrapnnaAHran MyaMMonapHHHr KynwtviMrw ya bmhmmhm TonMaraH/wcrKHM aa etu reorpacp/iapHH h/imhw wa/iaHHut/tapra eTaK/iaiuH MyMKHH/iMrwHM MHo6arra ozih6, awpwM Maca/ia aa Maaay- ziapHw MyHoaapa rapaw^a 6epwmra, rermwiw afia^Her/iap pywxaiw- hh aca KeHrpoK, Ke/rTHpMtura ^apaxai tyuipHK.
AHTPOnorEH JlAHAWAOTUjyHOCJlHK
Ep naHflujaT ^o6wfmhhht TapawweT rapMXHfla oflaMHHHr sa KeHHWa/lHK KHUJH/IHK XOMHHTHHHHT riaMflO 6y/lHLUH y3Hra xoc Ba reorpacf>HK >KMxaTflaH MyxnM BOKea/iapflanflMp. Vhmhc HaTHxacnfla O3ara Ke/iran «Ta6uaT - xomhkt- th3hmh wkh Kapawa- Kapujn/iHK/iapra 6oh 6y/in6, «xaMHnr» khcmhhhhc 4>ao/uiHrw 6anaH 6e/irH/iaHaflH. Xap 6np MyanRH /ianfluja4>fla Ep /iaHfluia4>T ko6htm- hhh/ 6np khcmh cn4>aTHfla, hhcoh omh^hhhhc Tabcnpn MyanRH fla paxafla ce3H/iMOKfla. Ta6nHHKH, Ep /ianfluja4>T Ko6wHHHHr pa- &o>K/iaHHiu TapnxH flaaoMHfla /iaHfluia4>T/iap aohmo 6np xm/i 6y/iMaraH. 5yHM C£>.H.Mh/ikob (1986), A.6.6aca/iHKac (1976), r.E.TpHUjaHKOB (1974) Ba 6ouJKanapHHHr HuuiapHflau xaM 6h/ihujh- MH3 MyMKHH.
(D.H.Mh/ikob (1986) Ep nanflUja^T Ko6nrMHHHr pnBo>K/iaHHUJ 6ocx>M/iapHHH Tax/iH/i KH/iap 3Kan aacrasBa/i yn 6ockwmhh axpa- lafln.
Bhphhmh 6ockim To6HoreH 6ockw fle6 ara/iaan sa Ep Tapnxw- fla na/ieo3OM apacwraMa 6y/iraH flaap/iapHH y3 HMnra onaflH.
Hkkhhmhch - 6noreH 6ocKWMflnp. y na/ieo3ou, Me3O3OH apa/ia- pn aa KaMHO3OHHHHr na/ieoreH, HeoreH jjasp/iapHHH y3 HMHra o/ia- Ah. byHfla 6noreH KOMnoHein/iap /iaHfliua4>T KO^HfHHHHr t3pkh6h Ba Ty3H/iHiUHfla \an KH/iyBMH axaMHHT Kac6 ara 6oui/iaflH.
Vmhhmh 6ockhm - aHTponoreH 6ockmm 6y/in6, Ep TapuxMHHHr Typi/iaMMM flaapnra Tyrpn KenaflM. 5y 6ocKWfla reorpa4>MK ko6hk HHCOHHMHr xaeTH ea xy>Ka/iHKflarM 4>*o/imrth KeMaflnraH MyxMira ajviaHaflH. OflaM nanflo 6y/iraHHflaH 6epn y y3H nujaMAHraH T36hmm MyxHrra o3MM-KynMM rabcnp stm6 Ke/iMOKfla. Ep /laHfluia^n ko- 6HfMHMHr 6y pHBoxaaHMUJ 6ockwmhm (1990) «Ha rypr flaspra 6y/iaflH.

1. 
   3nr KaflMMfH flaap - acocan lOKOpH naneo/iHrra Tyrpn Ke/iaflM aa TaxMHHaH 30 mhht hh/i flaaoM 3TraH. 6y flaspfla oflaM o/ioBflaH 4>OHfla/iaHa 6ouuiaflM Ba eH-arpo4> Ta^HaTHra ce3M/iap/iM flapaxa- fla rabCMp ara 6ouj/iaflM.
   
2. 
   KaflMMrM flasp - acocaH Meao/iHT (ypra toui acpn), Heo/iMT (bhtm toui acpn) sa 6poH3a acp/iapnra TyrpH Ke/iaflM. E>y flaap rax- MMHaH 7 MMHf HM/IHH y3 HMMFa O/1h6, MOpBaMH/lMK Ba fleXKOH- MH/iHKHHHr K>3ara Ke/iHiuH 6nnaH 6e/irnnaHaflH. 4opeaMH/iHK ea flexKOHMM/iMK 6nnaH ujyry/i/iana 6oui/iaraH HHcoHHHHr ra6Harra TaucHpH RHa opraflH.
   
3. 
   Rhtm Aasp - reMnp acpn 6ouinapHflaH XX acpHHHr ypTanapa rawa AaeoM jth6, raxMHHaH 3 mhht hh/ihh ya WHnra unaAH. Ly AaapAa hhcohhhht moaahm xaernAa TeMHpnHHr Kaiucp 3Th/wujh ta toui KyponnapHHHr acra-ceKHH chkh6 MHKapHAHUJM tcana axuMnrnra ya 6yna&H. 6y oaapHHHr oxMppoKnapH&a mhcohhhht ryp/iM MexHat Kypo/inapn aa rexHHKa BOCwranapH 6n/ian xcaAan Kypo/inaHHu>H yHHHr Ta6nHH pecypcnapt a 6ynraH rana6 aa axTHeJKnapwHH opTw6 KeiHUiHra ca6a6 6ynaAM.
   

Ahphm XHCo6nauinapra KaparaHfla hhcoh XIX acpHHHt yawAaex Ep 6arpHA^H 22711 mhht TOHHa KyprotuMH, 11.373 mmht roHHa pyx, 10.679 mhht roHHa KyMyiu, 11.5 mhht roHHa o/tthh, 27.5 mhhc toh- Ha anntoMHHHH aa xoKaaonapHH ks3h6 onraw (A.KnapK, 1966).
BynapHH a»cpaTM6 oahuj yuyw hhcoh Kawa MMnnMapAna6 toh- Ha Typnn ror /KMHcnapH sa ryrpoKnn 6np >KOHAaH mkkmhhh >KOMra onw6 TauinaraHnHrHHH racaBayp KHnniu kmhhh 3Mac. Mhcoh ypMOH- napHH aeacHa khpm 6ouinaAM. KeHHHrM 300 hh/i wuH&a ypMonna^ hhht yMyMHH MaHflOHH hkkh Maprara KHCKapn6 KerflH.

4. 
   3hi HHfH &aap - XX acpHHH/ ypianapMAaH 6ouj/ia>iAM. Kn- MHH-rexHHKa hhkh/k>6h 6wnaH TabpHCpnaHaAMraH 6y aaap Ep naHfliuacpT ko6hfm pHso>KnaH>wjHHHHr aHtponofen bocntnnaarn CHcpar jKMxaTHflaH yanra xoc 6ynrau 6np naepH xwcoCnaHaAH. XaKHKar/raH ksm, HHc6araH khcks 6ynraH, 40-50 hh/whk 6y /jaspAa cpan JKaaan pHeo>KnaHM6, 6eaocnra nuina6 HHKapnuj Kyqnapera annaHAH. (UoHKa, khmc, 6nonornn sa 6ou>Ka Karop tpannapHHHi 6yK>K KauKpHernapHAaH aManna cpoMAanaHraH hhcoh yjHHMHr moaahm sa MabHasHH axTHexoiapHHM kohamphuj aa nuina6 MHKapniu KyMnapHHH HHana pHBo/KnaHTHpHUJ MaKcaAHfla, KynparnH rexHHKara acocnanraH xon«a Ta6nHH pecypcnapnaH cpoHAanaHHLUHH KynaHTH pe6 to6opAM.
   

A.M.Pr6hmkob (1974) KenrHpraH 6ab3H MaunyMornapra xapa raHAa, mhcoh y3 xyxcanHK cpao/iHflTH HaTHJKacHfla Ep 6arpnflaH xap HMnn 100 MH/mHapA TOHHaASH opiHK rypnn xnn py^a 6onnHKnapM, eHnnrh xoMaujecn, kyph/ihuj MarepnannapH Ka3H6 onap 3Kan. Kei4 hhth 60 HHn HHHAa xaHAanno, jkhh 3KMnaAwraH epnap MaHAOHM KapHHn6 2 6apo6ap oprraH. Ep toiacHHHHr 60% nra jtkhh mamao hm yanaiuTHpHnH6, 3KHH3opnap, 6ornap, nynnap, ujaxap aa KHuinotv'iTp KypHHHUJHAa cpoHAanaHHnMOKAa. Xap hham 8 mm/uih apA TOHHa ujapTnn eHHnfM HiunaTH/tMOKAa, caHoar sa pyaropAan MHKKan 600 MHnnwapA iohh3 mmkhhah cyanap rypnn cyB xaaaana pnra TyujHpnnwS, ynapHH HcttnocnaHTMpMoKAa. 800 mh/uihoh toh- HaAaH oprMK rypAH xnn Merannap apwTHnMOKAa. 3kmh MawAOHna pHAa xap HHnH 400 mh/uthoh TOHHa MHHepan yrMTnap aa 4 mh/uih oh TOHHara «khh rypnn xnn khmgbhh MOAAanap nuinaTHnMOKAa, 20 MHnnwapA TOHHa C0_? raaw aa 1 MH/mwapA TOHHanaH 3weA rypnw khmcbwh 6npHKMa>iap arMoccpepara eHH/iMottqa.
byHflan sa uiywa yxiuaui Mab/ryMoinapHH flapcjiHK/iapfla, ryp- /ih Maxcyc aa oMMa6on aAa6wernapAa xynna6 yMpaiHW mymkhh (Maca/ian, >K.flopcT, 1968; /tn.HHKWTHH, K).B.Hobhkob, 1980; A.M.A/inaTbeB, 1983; A.r.McaHeHKO, 1991 sa 6.). Ammo 6yH«an KypcaiKHH/iapra nHa 6np Mapora6a Mypo>KaaT KHnnujHMH3AaH MaKcafl KenHHCH wnnnapAa hhcoh 6nnan Ta6naT ypracHAarw yaapo lavcnp xaHMa/iHK kbckmh ryc onrawnMrM, Ep loaacn sa reorpacpHK Ko6wKAa pyn 6epaerraH rypnw >KapaeHnapHHHr Ta6wHH pwBO>Kna- HHUJHra hhcoh KdHflaM Kana KyM 6wnan rabcwp 3Taeiran/iHrH kskw- Aa yMyMHH Tacaeayp xocnn kh/ihujahp.
Mhcohmht, KaKHKaT/iaH xaM B.PfBepHaflCKHH anrraHHpeK, KyapaT/iH 6np reonorwK Kynra an/iaHn6 KO-nMOKA®- Ephhhc /ianfl- uiacpr KoCnrHfla, yHHHr KOMnOHeHT/iapn opacn^a MH/uiwomia6 hh/h /lap Mo6aHHH/ja loiara Ke/iraH MyraHocH6/iHK, SKonorHK Myaoaa- HaiHHHT Ko/iarn xyn jKHKaruaH HHCOHHHHr xyxca/iHKflarn cpaonwRTH MHKecnra, yHHHr Ta6nHH pecypc/iapnflaH KSHAaw cpowAanaHHwra 6or/ihk 6ynw6 KOflMOKfla.
bapna thphk MaBxcyAOAnap kstoph hhcoh xaeTHHH xaM arpocp- MyKHTCH3, Ta6naTCM3 TacaBByp kh/ihuj khhhh. Whcoh opraHH3MH Kyn jKMKaTflaH Ta6nHH KOMnoneHT/iap: Kaao, cys, ycHM/iHK, rynpoK, xan- bohot ea KOKaao/iap 6nnaH 6ot/ihk, y Ta6naTAarM MO/maHHHr aw- naHMa KapaKaTH AOHpacHAa/jnp aa yHHH/ KOHyHHRT/iapHra 6yncy- HaflH. ByHflaH TauiKapn, hhcoh ohz/ih Maa>KyAOTAMp Ba y y3 MeKHa- thhh oconnaunnpMiu Ba toKopn caMapara apnuiHUJ ynyH rypnn MeKHar Kypo/inapwAaH, TexHHKa KyMHflan 0OHAcuiaHaAH. Y 6ouiKa opraHU3MnapAmmcihmohh MaBTKyAOTflHp, >Ka- mhri auocMflHp. UJyHHHr yqyH yHHHT xaeiH 6nonorHK OMH/uiapAaH TawKapn, Kyn/MHa h>ktmmohh OMmuiap 6miaH \aM 6e/irmiaHaAH.
Mhcoh 6eBocHra sa 6HnBocKra epra, rynpOKKa, cysra, xasora, ycHM/iHK aa KaHBOHor AyHecnra rabcnp arMOKfla. 6y 6nnaH y y3 o/iAHra Kywran MaKcaAnapnra apwujMOKfla. Ammo, 6at>3an y3H Kyr Maraw, anpMM can6HM OKH6ar/iapHHHr icwara KennuiHra KaM ca- oaoMM 6ynn6 KonMOKAa. ByHAan can6nM OKH6arnapHMHr 6abanna- pn AyneBMH ryc onMOKAa ea onnMnapHH, >KaMoarMHnMKHH TauiBHtu- ra conMOKAa. ByHM KeHHHTM HH/uiapAa Kynna6 nauip KwnMHraH nn- mmm acapnap, MaKonanap, rynnaMnap ea nnMMH-OMMa6on HaujpnapAan xaM tcypca 6ynaAH Khcohhhht xyxanHKAarn cpaonnn- th HaiH>KacHAa ra6HHH reorpacpHK uiaponrAa pyn 6epaerraH y3ra- pnuinapHH nnMHM raKnnn KHnuuira 6hphwm 6ynw6 ypHHw6 KypraH- napAaH 6wpw aMepHKanwK reorpacp onwM >K.n.MapuJAHp.
TawwK/iH pyc onHMnapw 8.B./(oKyMaea sa A.kf.BoeMKoanap xaM ya acapnapwua hhcoh cpao/iwfnn HaTHMcacwAa Ta6wwH KOMnoweHT- napHHHr ysrapHWHHH qyxyp Taxnwn khuh6 Kypraanap. By Macana KeHHHMa/lHK X«M Ta6naTUjyHOC OAHMnapHHHf 3bTH6opHflaH Melfla KO/iMaran. AirHHKca, Jl.C.6epr (1915, 1931), A-A-^oxces (1930), Jl.r.PaMeHCKHH (1935, 1938) B-HJopoflxoe (1938) Ka6wnapHHHr HiunapHAa yiu6y MaaayHHHr cpaKar Haaapnn TOMOHnapnrMHa Ta'bKHAnaHH6 KonMacAaH, banKM hhcoh 6nnan Ta6nai ypTacHAarw anonanapHHHr moxhhtmhh ohh6 6epwuira xaM ypMHw6 KypnnraH.
AHrponoreH naHAu/a#¹ ryuiyHwacHHHHr
UJaKJUMHHUUH
XX acpHHHr 40-50 HHnnapHfla reorpa4>wK aAa6weTAa «ManaHHn naHAUiacJiTnap^ €>kh ^yarapTHpHnran naHflujacpTnap ra GafwuinaHraH mamhh MaKonanapHHHr 6hphh-kcthh nawAO 6ynniuH (MacanaH, IO.r.CayuJKHH, 1946, 1951; B./l.KoTenHHKoa, 1950; B.B.BorAaHO8, 1951 Ba x ) aHTponorew naHAUjacpTujyHocAHK noiifleBopHHHHr ujajcn naHHUJHra Kyunw TypTKH 6ynflH. By 6opaAa awHMKca IO.r.Ca- yuJKHHHHHr (1946) «MaAaHHM naHAUja^nnapHM ypraHHw ywyH reo- rpacpHAHHHr anoxHfla rapMOfw 6ynnujH Kepax-, jjeraH 4>wKpw My>QiM axaMHHTra ara 6ynAH. Yhhht 1947 HHn^a Haujp KnnwHran MOHorpacjjMncHfla aca khujaok xy>KanHK naHAUjacfjTnapH xaKHfla >KMAAHH 0HKpnap KenTHpwnraH.
1970 HMnfla BopoHexc flaanar yHHBepcwreTHHHHr npcxfjeccopM khto- 6nfla «Mhcoh TOMOHHAaH yarapTHpwnraH aa 6apno arnnraH komo neKcnapHM ypraHwui 6nnaH aHrponoreH naHflujacpTUjyHocnHK ujyrynnaHHUjM KepaK- (193 6eT), «e6 iabKHftna6 ynraHHflaH cyw naHAiua4>TiuyHOcnHK TapKH6n£a »HrM 6wp miMHM HyHannuj - anrpo- noreH naHfliuacpTUjyHOCnwK uiaKnnaHa 6oujnaflH. 6y wyHanwuJHn A.A.MaKyHHHa (1974) xarro «6MnHMnapHMHr HHrw TapMOrn- fle6 araAH.
AwrponoreH naHAiua4>TujyHocnMK wnMHM HyHanHUiHHHHr MyaM- Monw Macananapw xarop wnMHH aHbcyMaHnapqa (Macanaw, Bopo- He>KAa 1972, 1975, 1978 HM/inap, Open6yprAa 1980 H«n, TaM6oeAa 1981 Hwn) xaMA aTMnran Ba MynoaapanapAaH yrraH. «Bonpocu reo- rpa4>HH» TynnaMHHMHr 1977 HHnrw 106 Maxcyc cohh \aM aHipono- reH naHAiuacpTiuyHOcnHKHMHr HeuapwH, MeTOAonorwK Ba pernoHan Macananapwra 6arwiunaHraH. By 6opaAa aHTponoren naHA- UJa4>rnapHHHr ryawiHUJn, ypraHHui MeroAnapH sa aManKH xa6xa napnra 6arwujnaHraH Maxonanap TynnaMH (Bopowexc, 1988) 31>th- 6opra noHMKAMP-
AwiponoreH naHAwa^nnap ^aKHfla xynrnHa MaunyMOT/iapnH A.M.Ph6hhkob (1972), E.B.MnnaHO8a, A.M.P»6hhkob (1979), J1.l4.KypaxoBa (1976, 1983) aa 6owKanapMMHr wuinapHfla ynpaTHW MyMKHH. VMyMaH hhcoh sa naHAwa4>r, hhcoh sa ia6naT MyaMMO- napn KynruHa naHAwa4>rwyHoc, t36mhh reorpa4>Hii HaaapnecH o/iHM/iapH 3T>th6ophhh aohmo yanra >*kh/ih6 Typran (Maca/iaH, W-DTepacHMOB, H.A.rao3AeuKHH, JVJLApMaHA, T.B.38OHKO8a,

1. 
   T.KcaHeHKo, B.C.npeo6pa>KeHCKHH, H.A.Co/iHyeB ea 6owKanap). Ammo aHTponoreH nannwa^n rywyHMacH xaKHfla onnM/iap opacnfla AKAH/uiHK nyK- E>y araMaHH ^ap khm xap xh/i aa Mynoaapann Ta/1KHH KH/lMOKAa.
   

\o3HpTH KyHAa aHTponoreH naHAwa4>TwyHocnHK HyHannwH- hhht acocMHCH (1973) 3KaH/iHCHHH KyTMH/iMK reorpa4>- nap a'bTHpotf) 3TaflnTH. LUy coKa/ja Karop h/imhh acapnap sparraH 6y O/lHMHHHf 4>HKpma, HHCOHHHHT XyTKa/lHKAafH 4>aO/lHHTH HaTH- jKacH/ja AHrHTAaH 6apno 6ynran naHAwa4>rnap xaM, hhcoh TabCH- pnfla 6Hpoma KOMnoHeHTH Ty6AaH yarapran t36hhh KOMn/ieKc/iap xaM aHrponoreH naHAwa^rr x,HCo6nanHWH xepaK. KeHHHMa/iHK (1986): -aHTponoreH /iaHAuia4>T/iap tji6hhh /iaHA- uiaT/iapra yxu/a6, tcht axaMHHT/in 6y/iran KOMnoHeHT/iap TH3HMH- Aan n6opar KOMn/ieKc/iapAHp. V/iapHHHr 3«r acocnn xycycHRTH ya- y3HAan pHBO>K/iaHMUj Oe/irn/iapHMHHr Maa/KyA/inrHAHp-, a^6 earaH 3AH.
KD.r.CayujKHH (1946) aca hhcoh (jjao/iHHTH HaTH>KacHAa a/ie- MeHT/iapn opacHAaru yaapo a/iOKanapu yarapran ^ap KaHAan ra6n- hh MyxHTHH -MaAaHHH /iaHAuja4>T- ae6 araHAH- By MaAawMH /iaHA* uia4>T KaKHAarn aAa6nerAa aunon KH/iHHraH H3OK/iapAan 6hphhmh- CH 3AH.
«Oxpawa /iaHAwa4>TOB- h3Ox/ih /lyraTHAa xycycHKT/iapn hhcoh 4>ao/iHHTH HaTH>KacHAa Kxsara Ke/iraH /iaHAwa4>inap amponoreH naHAwa4>T/iapAHp aa ynap y3HHHHr ra6nHH TabpH4>napHHH caK/ia6 KonraH TaKAnpAa xaM yan^a MaAaHHH ycHMnnicnap, yarapraH rynpoK xycycHjnnapH, ep octh ea ycrn cyanapn TapTn6n KypHHH- WHAa «aHTponoreH» MaaMyH Kac6 arran 6ynaAH, p,e6 e3M/iraH. ByHAan xonAa 6h3 Ep K>3HAa TapKanraH naHAwa4>T/iapHHHr xyrMH- nwrHHH anrponoreH naHAwa4>rnap ^aropnra KHpnTcax 6ynaAH. Ynap Ta6wHH CH4>arnapHAaH 6ynax, hkkhthh xnn, jtbhh h>kthmohh CH^rarnap Kaw Kac6 arraH 6ynaAH. LUyHMHr ynyn 6ynca xepax

2. 
   C.Dpeo6pa>KeHCKHH ea Jl.W.MyxMHa (1984) - 6apna naHA- wa4>rnap Ep naHAwa4>r Ko6nfHHHHr t3pkh6hh KHCM/iapn cH^raTHAa y3MHHHr Kenn6 mhkhwh 6ynHMa «Ta6HHH-aHrponoreH reorH3HMnap- AHp«, a®6 esaAH/iap. 6ab3aH
   

Vw6y (jwp/iapra ifapaMa-ifapiuH A.r.McaHeHKO (1976): JiaHfl- watjruiapnH «Ta6nHW», «aHrponoreH», «MaflaHHH» a«6 6yjiw6 ypra- HHiuHHHr yrjn TyrpH 3Mac, fle6 eaaflH. MyHKH 6y Jto/ifla 6h3 JiaHfl- ujacjyr ekn aHTponoreH fle6 aTanMHiu jtaHfliuacjnjiapHM Ta6nwH ko- HyHHHT/iap Tabcnptt AonpacHflaH HHKapn6 nyneTranfleK 6yjiap 3KaHMM3. A.r.hcaMeHKOHHHr tpwKpkHa, MaflaHHW JiaHfluiatjJTJiapfla Ta6wHM KOMnoHeHT/iap opacHflarn a/io^aaap jtcaMHflT MantjjaaT/ia- pnHM Kya/iaran xo/ifla, h/imhw acoc/ianraH aa o^H/iOHa yarap- TwpnnraH 6y/inwH KepaK. Iliynra ^aMoxanr cpnkpHn 6h3 B.B.CdHaaaHHHr (1978)wiunAa ^aM ywparaMHa. V hhcohhhht 6eeo- ona eKH 6w/iBocwra raicnp 3TMLUH HatnwacHfla reoTH3WM/iapfla pjit 6epaflwraH yarapww/iapHH «reoTM3HM/iapHMHr aHTponoreH ahhomh- KacwflHp», fle6 esaflH. B.B.CcmaBaHHHr tpwKprwa, Jsoawprw aHTpo- noreH JianfluatjHJiap mhcohhhht TaBnar 6miaH 6ynaflMraH 6ynefl- Kop/iHK KypHHHUJMflarH ^aMKop/iHTH 6y/iMaH, Kynnma hhcohhhhi Ta6warra cthxhjuiw, m/imhh acoccH3 Tapafla TBbCHp 3thluh HaTHxca- CHfla xoch/1 6y/iaflM. LUyHHHr ynyH KynHHflMK aHTponoren ziaHfl- LuacpTnapHH hhcoh 6H/iaw Ta6war ypTacwfla toaara Ke/iaflwran mxth- /ioc|)HHHr HaTHJKacH fle6 K,apaHflH.
MhCOH TOMOHHflaH Ta6waTHHHT WHKH HMKOHHHT/iapHHM pHBOJK- /laHTHpwiii, Ta6nwH /KapaeH/iapHH tjjao/i/iaunHpMiii, reoTW3HM/iap- hmht caMapaflop/iHTHHH oujHpHiu Ba xotcaso/iapra KapaTH/iraH Tafl- 6np/iap TH3HMHHH aMa/ira oujwpHiii MaKcaflHfla npaTnnraH reoTH- snM/iapnH B.B.CoHaaa «6yHBflKopflHK reoT>t3HM» /iapH fle6, aTaMflw.
B.M.ripoKaeB (1983) xaM wAyfl/iapHHHr Ta6wwH reorpatpHK 6y/iHHHiuHflarM aHrponoreH OMH/iHWHr axaMHHimH xnco6ra o/ihuj ^an;Mfla cya lopwTap 3KaH, cjta^aT reofloro-reoMopcjxMioniK acocn HHCOH TOMOHHflaH y3TapTHpj4/iraH reOKOMH/ieKC/iapHHrMHa aHTpOHO- reH reoKOMrt/teKC fle6 aiauj mymkhh fle6 esaflH. YHHHrHa, /laH/j- LuacjnHHHr anpwM KOMnoHeHT/iapH hhcoh TOMOHHflan yarapTHpn/iran 6y/icaro, 3mmo reo/ioro-reoMopcpo/iorHK 33mhhh yarapMaw no/iran 6^/ica, 6yHflau /laHflHjacjn hhcoh TabcnpH ryxraTmiran TaKflHpfla yaHHHHr aBBa/irn Ta6wMH xo/iaTMra KafrraAH. y/iapun B.M.ripoKae6 /laHflLuacpT/iapHHnr aHrponoren MOflwc|HiKaflWflCH ne6 ^nco6/iaMflH.
KXopwfla Ke/iTktpH/iraH 6np xarop <|>HKpjiapHHHr Taxnn/iw uiyHM KypcaTaflHKH, ep icoHfla hhcoh TabCHprifla oaMM-KynMn yarapMaran eKH hhcohhhht 6eBocwTa eKH 6miBocma TabCHpM acoparHHH ce.3- MaraH /laHflUjacjjT/iap fle/ip/iHk KOJiMaran. Ammo Kaftcn JiaHfltuacpT Kan flapajKafla anrponoren/tawraH ea y/iapHM kahoh aHTponoreH /LaHfliuatjjT a^6 araiu MyMtcwH 6kh Ta6mki /iaHflLuac|jT kshoh anrpo- noren flaHflujatpTra awjiaHaflH, fleran caeojuiapHHHr >KaBo6H xa/in-
rawa MyaMMo/iH Ba Mynoaapannflnp. Awa LuyHRaw MyHoaapanw ca- Boanapftan nna 6MpH-Ta6wwM jiaHfluia^nnap aHTponoreH naHR iua4>Tjiapra aM/iaHWUJH ywyH yHHHr 6np KOMnoHeHTHHHTHHa yaraprw- pwui khc|x>jjmh eKH 6apwa KOMnoHernnap 6np wyna yarapTHpnnraH 6y/iHtUH KepaKMH, Reraw casonflMp.
Bywra xaBo6aH .H.Mh/ikob (1978) Ta6www ziaHflujacpTHH an TponoreH /iaHfluiaTra awnaHTHpwLU ynyn yHHHT xoxnaraH 6np kom- noneHTHHH yarapTHpnuJ kh4x>h fle6 xwco6/iaHflw. 5y 4>wkphwht acocHfla KOMnoHeHinapHMHT naHfluia^’ xocwn KHnyBHM omvui cn4>a- THflarw axaMHRTH TeurflHp, fleraH raccasyp eraflw. 6wp aajvnap B.8.J(oKyMaeB, Jl.C.E>epr (1947) aap KOMnoHeHTnapHw tbhl axaMMjn/iH fle6 XHCo6/iaraH/iap.
JLPLKypaKOBaHHHr (1976) 4>^Mxpwa, naHfluiaijjT/iapHHnr shl yMyMMii xycycMsnnapMflaH 6mpm yHflafM 6wpoina KOMnoHeHTHWur yarapTHpunHUJH 3aH>KwpcwMOH rapafla 6otuxa KOMnoHenrnapHw ea naHfliua4>THM 6yryHnaM ysrapwuiMra onw6 KenaflM.
Ta6HHH reorpa^uiapflan A.M.P«6mhkob, E-B-MwnaHOBa, H.A.rBO3fleqKHH/iap xa» naHfluja4>T/iapHM Ty6flaH yarapTHpwui yqyn ynapHHHr 6apua KOMnoHeHT/iapwHH y3rapTHpw6 yrnpHUj ujapT 3Mac, ynapflaH 4>axaT 6HpHHHrHHa yarapTHpwuj kh4x>hkh, TM3HMflam ysa po TaBCHp MyBoaaHaTH 6y3WiH6, flHrw naHflina^iT xocwn 6ynaflH, fleraH xynocara KenaflH/iap.
H.A.ConHfleB (1960) 3ca naHflma4>THM yarapTMpMiu yMyw an6a> ra yHHHr reonoro-reoMop4>onorwK acocw yarapTwpnnraH 6ynnuiH KepaK, fle6 XHco6naMfln. 5y 6np saxrnap H.A.ConHueBHHHr yaw Hnrapw cypran aa KOMnoHeHTnapHWHr ysapo tcht Kyunn SMacnHrw, ynapHHHr xoch/i 6ynwuiHfla onflHHMcj-KeHHHnwnHK MaBxyflnHrw xflMfla onflHH xocwn 6ynraH KOMnoweHinap •■KyunwpoK,- x«co6 naHw6, KeHHH xocwn 6ynraH KOMnoHeHT/iapra Kynpox rabcnp xypcaTaflH, fleraH 4>mkphhht flaBOMHRMp. YHMHr 4’MKpwa, reono- rwK eTKH3Hxnap ea penbe4> (^kh reonoro-reoMop4x>norwK acoc) xKyMnHi' KOMnoHeHT, hivihm ea cyenap ypraua Kyura ara komuo- HeHTnap, rynpox, Jcmm/ihk Ba x3mbohot «KyucH3» KOMnoHeHrnap XHco6naHaflH.
H.A.Contje8HWHr yuj6y 4>WKpnapwra xapaMa-xaptuH 8.6.CoMaBa (1978) 6ouJxauapox Mynoxasanap Ke/rrnpaflH. YHHHr eawujwHa, aw- pHM ts6hhw KOM.noHeHT.Tap y3 pwBO/KnaHHUi xapaeHHfla Typn>- fla- paxafla sa lypnw 'KaflannwKfla yarapnuira Mowwn 6ynap 3KaH. Typ- nw xwi TauiKH Kyunap, ujy >KyMnaflaH, hhcoh raicwpHfla x^m, re3 ysrapytwaH aa xapaKaiuaH KOMnoHeHrnap reorwawM crpyKrypacHfla Xan xn/ryRHH x«co6naHap 3KaH. B.5.CoMaBa hcchkrhk, HaMUWK aa 6woTanu 'iaHfluia4>THMHr ana tuyHflaw xun KM/iyBMH KOMnoHeHrnapw ra KwpwraflH. Vm6y Myannw^) reoTH3HMJiap RWHaMHKacH xaxwfla c?3 rapnrap 3Kaw, KaKmaatyuwpiWM rhhbmhk ysrapHuuiapHH qsmh- KynMn cycaHTnpn6 lypMwra xapaxar xHnaflHraH, nanflwacpT/iapHM 6apnapopnaiuTHpn6 TypaflwraH xcapaeHnap ^aM Mae/Kyfl sKaannrn sa 6y xapaennap naHflwacpTnapnwHT yanHn yan 6oiiJKapw6 TypwujH, TMKna6 TypHWH aa 6apKapopaaujH6 rypHUWfla shf wyxHM omh/i- napflaH 6wpw SKaH/iMrMHM TabKwflna6 yraflH.
B.6.CoMaea h/imhh MaKra6wra MaHcy6 JiaHfliua$TLuyHOcnapflaH 6wpn A.A.KpaymiHC (1979) naHflwatpT KOMnoHeHT/iapwHHHT a^aMHftTH xa«;nfla
topmap 3KaH, flaHfliuacjTT/iapHHHr Maa/Kyfl- nwrn aa puBOHcnaHHWMfla KOMnoweHT/iapHHHr 6apqacHHw MabnyM axaMHHTH 6op/iHrHHH aiTHpocfi 3THUJ 6n/iaH 6wpra, y/iapnnnr naitcH 6npn «eTaKHH» &kh «eraKHH 3Mac/tnrHHH» aHHK/iatuflan icypa nanfl- iua$T/iapHHHr ys ^oaaTHHH ca>pia6, 6apKapop/iauiH6 TypHiuHfla Kancn KOMHOHeHT ksh flapa/Kafla wurrnpoK hthwhhh aHwiyiaw MywMpOKflwp, fleraH xynocara Ke/iaflH. A.A.KpayicnHC KOMnoHeHT- ziapHH AaHflLuacpTfla 6a/KapaflwraH sa3H

1. 
   cycr eKH cpao/iHfrrcH3 KOMnoHeHT/iap (acocan tof /KMHc/iapn aa peneecp). Y/iap reoTH3HM/iapHWHr yaarw xwco6/iaHaflH;
   
2. 
   xapaxaiHaH KOMnonenr/iap (acocaH xaeo Macca/iapn ea cyenap) - reoTH3HMnapHHHr hmkh KHCHMnapHHH 6np-6Hpn 6nnaH ea TauJKH MyxMT, HcywiaflaH, nyiUHM reoTM3HM/iap 6a/ian 6of/iobhh KOMnoHeHT/iap XHCo6/ianaflw;
   
3. 
   (t>ao/i KOMnoHeHT/iap (acocaH 6noTa) reoTH3HM/iapHHHT ysn- hm yaw 6oiiJKapH6,y3HHH yaw THiuiab, 6apKapopnaujw6 TypnujHfla acocHH axaMHinra ara 6yjiran KOMnonenr/iapAMp. bhOTa 6ou>i^a KOMnoHeHT/iap 6nnaH yaapo anoxafla aa yaapo Tarbcwpfla 6ynw6, /laHfliuacfn/iapHHHr MapoMnaiUH6 TypniUHfla anr acocwH imkh omh/i 6ynw6 xh3mst XHnaflH.
   

Moflflanap aiuiaHwiuH xcapaeHWfla HoopraHWK MOflflaHHHr HWTHpOK 3TMLUK BS ^HOMaCCaHMHT XOCM/1 6y/lHWM, KyBUJ OHepTHSCH- hhht ysrapHWH aa opraHHK MOflflafla T^ruiaHMWH, cyB/iapHMnr Karra ^hcmm ycHM/iHK/iap opKanw aTMOccpepara yrwwH aa KonaBepca, /lanflLuacfiTnapnnHT xynyflHH Ta6aK,a/iaHMWMfla 6hotohmhf axaMH- ffTHHM 3i>Tw6opra o/iraH A.r.McaNeHKO xsm 6HOTaHWHr xc^Hprn /laHflujacfiT/Tapfla 3Hr cpao/i KOMnoHeHT 3KaH/iwrwHM BTnpocp STaflw xaMfla naHfltuacfjTHHHr xaTTMK 33mhhhhh (reonoro-reoMopctjonorwK omhjjhh) cycr ea cpao/i 6yjiMaraH/iMrw yqyw «6ow omh/i» fle6 xhco6- JiawHM MaHTHXaH HOTyrpM fle6 xwco6/iawfln.
JlaHAwatpTnapflaH xa/uc xyxanMrw MaxcannapHfla TyrpH Ba oxHnoHa cf>oHnanaHMW,yHMHr HCfjnocjiaiHHiHH aa 6y3HnniiiMHMHr on- flHHH onHui eKH Myxocfiasa khjihuj 6h/13h 6ot/ihx 6ynraH MyaMMO- napHH TyrpH xan sthlu /laHflwatprnapHHHr kshcm KOMnoiieHiH
«acocnM», «eraKMM» gkm «60111* pcviHM fHnauuinM ryrpn xa/i kh/ih6 ojikju MyxwM Ba npw-mnnna/i axaMH/rrra araflwp. MyHKW hhcoh jiaHfluiacjjTra Tatcnp 3TaBepca-io, smmo 6hs, H.A.CojiHLiee auTra- HHflek, naHfliijacfJTHMHr reojioro-reoMoptftoJiorHK acocu kbmoh yara- pap axan, fle6 Kyrn6 yrnpniiJHMwannHr Jsh 6npeiviaMa/iHK aa xaro- AHKKa 0/1 h6 KenniLiw mvmkhh.
tOKopwfla 6t4pMa-6wp Kenrwpn/iraH tpHKpnapflan Tyrpn xyfloca HHKapw6 ojihuj ynyH xaMfla aHiponoreH JiaHfliuacpT/iap xaKHfla MabJiyM TacaBoypra ara 6yjiHiu yryH naHflUJacpTHRHr KOMnoHeHwia- pn aa oMn/uiapw xaKHfla hhs 6np 6op 3CJiaTn6 yrntijra ryrpH Ke- /jaflH.
KynMHJiHK ts6hhh reorpa4>jiapHWHr Ta'bKHfl/iauiHra xypa reoTH- 3HMnap acocan; ior WMHCJiapn, cyanap, xaso wacca/iapM, ryn- poKJtap, ycnMjiHK KonjiaMH aa xaMBOHOT Ka6w moaahh KOMfiOHeHT- JiapflaH rysHJiraHflHp. Vjiap yaapo 6ot/ihk Ba yaapo TabcMpflaflwp. V/iap opacHfla MyrracHJi MOflfla a/iMauiWHH6 rypafln. ym6y komito- HeHTjiap /lanfliijacpTjiap eepTHKa/i crpyKTypacHHHHr maioviaHHujHfla TapKnbHH KHCM/iapH CMcfjaTHAa HunnpoK STaflH.
KoMnoHeHTJiapHHHr yawra xoc xycycHjrr/iapHflaH 6np« njynfla- kh, y/iapnHHr \ap 6npn TapKn6nfla 6ouiKa 6apna KOMnoHeHTJiapra xoc 6yjiran MOflflajiap xaw HunupoK STaflH. Maca/iaH, jiaHflUJactH- hhhf xaao KOMnaHeHTH TapKH6nfla aTMOccbepa raa/iapHflaH TauKcH pn, cye fryFAapH, ryp/iH mshf aappa/rapn, ycwMfiHK MaHrnapw, lypjiw MHKpoopraHH3M/iap xaM apajiaturan 6y/iaflM. XyjjflH LuyHflan naHfl- iuaT cya/iapH TapKH^Hfla X^bo, apnraH, Hyparan aa io8H/iran Tor JKMHC/iapH, ycHM/iHK ea xawBOHOT, y/iap Ko/iflHKJiapw X-k. yqpaHflH.
fiaHflLijacfyr xochji KH/iyBMH OMH/map xaKWfla cya KjpHTH/iranjia KynHHMa y skh 6y KOMnoneHTHMHr aiipHM xycycMHT/iapn ttysfla Ty- THJiraHHMrMHH eKH KOMnoHeHT JiaHRLLiacJjTAa MabjiyM 6np xyn cnrpa- THfla HLUTHpOK 3TCaTHHa yHH OMH/1 fle6 XHCo6/iaill XO/LnapMHM KypaMHS. AnpHM xc/inapfla oca /lanflujatjyrra TauiKapHRaH 6y/iafln- raH Kyn/iapHH omhji canaiuaflH waca/iaH, Kyew paflHaijHflCH, epHHHr rpaBHTaflMH Kyqu, epHMHr t«HflaH 6y/iaflMran TeKTOHHK KyH/iap, xaeo MHpKyjlRflMRCM Ba X-
Ac/ihhh o/iraHfla, /iaHflujac|)T/iap >Kyfla Kyn Ba TypjiH-ryMan OMH/utap TabCHpMfla LLiaK/uiaj-iaflH, pnao/K/iaHaflH. V/iap Jianfl- LuactJTJiapfla rypjih CHtfiaT Ba xycycHHT/iapHHHT LuaKJUiaHMLUHfla Typ- /iHHa a\aMHRT Kac6 arafln. Arap /iaHfliua4>TJiapHHHr waiui/iaHHUJHfla Mab/iyw 6wp Typflarn oMmuiap axaMHar/iw xwco6/iaHca, yjiapHHHr Ta6aKanaHHiuMfla enn pnBOJK/iaHMUJHfla 6oiuKa 6np Typflaru omhji- nap, Ji3Hguja$TJiapHKHr yarapnLUHfla aca «Ha 6wp 6oiUKa rypyx OMHJuiap axaMHfrrJiH 6y/iHUiH wyMKHH. LUy wyKraH KasapflaH Kapa- raHfla, tb6hmm /iaHfluja4>T/iapHMHr amponoreH /iaHfltija4>T.napra aw- naHMUJHfla aHiponoreH omh/i acocHH K.yM caHa/iaflH. LUyHHHi ynyn xaM hhcoh 4^o/ihhth Tabcnpnfla yarapran /iaHfliua4>T/iapiH awrpo- noren /iaHfliua4>T/iap, fle6 a/auiflaH Kypa, aHrponoren omh/i Tai>CM- pHfla yarapraH /ianfluja4>map, fle6 a/atu TyrpwpoK 6y/iap 3flM. ByHfla hhcoh rabcnpHra ra6MHM xcapaen xaMfla TauiKapnflaH Tabcnp araflMraH omh/i fle6 Kapa/iMO/M /iojhm.