Литература по учебной дисциплине «Практика устной и письменной речи»

(1) Synonyms that owe their origin to foreign borrowings. For example, the peculiar feature of synonymy in English is the contrast between simple native words stylistically neutral, literary words borrowed from French and learned words of Greek or Latin origin: e.g., native English : from French : from Latin: to ask – to question – to interrogate; to gather – to assemble to – to collect; to end – to finish – to complete.
(2) Synonyms created through the adoption of words from dialects (local variants of the same language): e.g., girl :: lass (Scottish); wireless :: radio (American); liquor :: whiskey (Irish).
(3) Synonyms created by means of word-forming processes productive in the language at a given time of its history. E.g.: affixation: anxiety :: anxiousness; productivity :: productiveness; loss of affixes: amongst :: among; await :: wait; shortening: memorandum :: memo; microphone :: mike; popular :: pop; compounding: resistance :: fight back; treachery :: sell out.


3.2. Antonyms
Antonyms are words of the same language usually belonging to the same part of speech and to the same semantic field, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and often used together so that their denotative meaning render contradictory or contrary notions. Antonyms form mostly pairs, not groups like synonyms, e.g., above :: below, absent :: present, alike :: different, asleep :: awake, back :: forth, bad :: good, big :: little, lateness :: earliness, continue :: stop, beautiful :: ugly, quickly :: slowly, up :: down, etc. Thus, antonyms are semantically opposite lexical items.
According to the parts of speech, antonyms can also be separately considered as:
– antonymous nouns: lateness – earliness, freedom – slavery, etc.;
– antonymous adjectives: beautiful – ugly, good – bad, etc.;
– antonymous verbs: work – play, continue – stop, etc.;
– antonymous adverbs: quickly – slowly, up – down, etc.
As a rule, antonyms are studied only synchronically (not diachronically) and classified into the following groups: