Lesson 1 Grammar

Step 3. Matn bilan ishlash.
Yangi so‘zlar:
to devise o‘ylab topmoq, kashf qilmoq
to recognize tanishmoq, tanib olmoq
to direct boshqarmoq
nerve centre boshqaruv markazi
to supervise boshqarish
overall to‘liq
to examine tekshirmoq
to interpret tushintirib bermoq, anglatmoq
high-speed katta tezlik
amount miqdor
to run an application talab qilmoq
to look for qidirmoq
temporary vaqitinchalik
to contain qamrab olmoq
expansion slot kengayish miqdori
to install o‘rnatmoq, montaj qilmoq
acceleration card tezlashtirish to‘lovi
to increase kattalashtirmoq
to determine aniqlamoq
clock takt generatori
pulse impul’s
to measure o‘lchamoq
demanding takabchan


Exercise 3. Matndan foydalangan holda, so‘z birikmalarni tarjima qilish.
Foydalanish uchun
Bizga ma’lum bo‘lganlar
Ma’lumotlar qayta ishlashini boshqaradi
Iborat, tashkil qiladi
Foydalanuvchi dasturida
Xotiraning katta tezlikdagi moslamalari
Bir vaqtda
Ham nomlanadigan
Talab nushasini
Prosessorga ma’lum bo‘lgan
Zamonaviy komp’yuterlarning ko‘pginasi
Juda katta tezlikda
Qisman aniqlanadi
Ma’lum oraliqlarni
50 megagers tezligida ishlovchi
Exercise 4. Matnni o‘qing va tarjima qiling.


Inside the system.

In order to use computers effectively people devised computer systems. We may discuss computer system in two parts. The first part is hardware - the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices that we recognize as “computers”. The second part is software - the programs that control and coordinate the activity of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.

The nerve centre of hardware is the Central Processing Unit, or CPU. It is a single microprocessor chip which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts: 1. the Control Unit, which examines the instructions in the user’s program, interprets each instruction and supervises the rest of the components - disk drive, monitor, etc; 2. the Arithmetic Logic Unit, which performs mathematical calculations (+, -, etc) and logical operations (and, or, etc); 3. the registers, which are high-speed units of memory that store and control information. One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data - the number of bits - they can work with at a time.
The user loads the programs and data into the main memory (also called the internal memory). Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary memory devices (disks) and transfers a copy of application into the RAM area. RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary, i.e. its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, ROM (Read Only Memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the processor.
Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow users to install acceleration cards and co-processors. An acceleration card is a board that increases the processor speed. A co-processor is a silicon chip that performs precise tasks and mathematical operations at a very high speed.
The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its microprocessor. A clock provides pulses at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize circuits and units. We measure the clock speed in MHz (megahertz). For example, a CPU running at 50 MHz (50 million cycles per second) is likely to provide a very fast processing rate and will enable the computer to handle the most demanding applications.