Languages for intercultural communication and education


The Difficulties of Casual Conversation



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The Difficulties of Casual Conversation
There are various difficulties associated with interactional speech, and,
in particular, casual conversation. These difficulties do pose challenges
but, as we shall see, they can be overcome. Some of the key difficulties are as
follows.
Conversational patterns vary across cultures
As Ur suggests, one difficulty is the variability of patterns of social inter-
action across cultures. Some differences can be quite marked; for example,
silence can be interpreted differently in different cultures, as can the
paralinguistic features of body language and personal space. Once the
learner has been made aware of these potential differences, however, they
can become the focus of ethnographic investigation: how long can partici-
pants in a conversation endure silence before one feels compelled to speak?
How close do participants in conversations stand? What gestures do they
make and do they touch each other?
Many cultural differences are, however, subtler; for example, many
discourse analysts have argued that males and females in English-
speaking societies take different roles in mixed-sex conversations: males
tend to initiate while females tend to support (Tannen, 1984). Learners can
also be encouraged to investigate these kinds of interactional patterns, not
only in the target culture, but also in their home culture. Do they have
mealtime conversations within their families? If so, who initiates topics for
discussion? Who or what provides the content of the discussion? How do
members contribute? In the following sections of this chapter, we will
consider a transcript of a mealtime conversation as an illustration of this
kind of description.
Interpreting conversational implicatures
A considerable difficulty for non-native speakers tackling casual con-
versation in English is that much of what is said is indirect. People do not
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mean what they literally say. Participants in conversations, then, have to
infer what is meant from what is actually said. The name usually given to
an expression that demands some kind of inference to make sense is
conver-
sational implicature.
Both transactional and interactional talk make frequent
use of implicatures. For example, it might be taught that an indirect (and
therefore polite) way of asking someone to close a window is to say, ‘It’s
cold in here, isn’t it?’ The listener is presented with an utterance that is
literally a statement plus a request for confirmation; however, he or she is
likely to infer that it is in fact a request for action. Bouton’s (1999) research
suggests that non-native speakers find certain kinds of conversational
implicature difficult to comprehend, given only general language profi-
ciency and ‘common sense’. Most difficult were examples of irony,
understated criticism, and indirect affirmation or denial of the kind ‘Is the
Pope Catholic?’ and ‘Do cows fly?’ Examples of these kinds of exchange
(based on Bouton, 1999) include:
Irony
On hearing that his friend, Bill, has been seen out dancing with his wife
while he was away on business, Peter remarks, ‘Bill knows how to be a
really good friend, doesn’t he?’
Understated criticism

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