Languages for intercultural communication and education



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CorbettAnInterculturalApproachtoEnglishLanguageTeachingLanguagesforInterculturalCommunicationandEducation7

The gaze
One powerful factor in the representation of people (and animals, espe-
cially when they are given human-like qualities) is the direction of the gaze.
Specifically, is the represented character in the image looking directly at
you, the viewer, or at someone or something within the frame of the image,
or elsewhere, beyond the frame? These different representations have
different meanings. Eye-contact with the viewer can be interpreted as
demanding
some kind of response from the viewer. A smiling expression
may demand social affiliation, a frown may demand that you back off. A
more neutral expression may be interpreted as an enigmatic demand, and
invitation to puzzle out what the represented character wants or thinks.
Figure 7.5 is a print of a Scottish highland soldier in North America,
published in 1790 as an advertisement for tobacco products. The soldier is
taking snuff, while a slave is smoking a pipe in the background.
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Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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There is no eye contact between the soldier and the slave, nor between
either of them and the viewer. Unlike the four horsemen, who are strongly
grouped, we are presented with two separate individuals, linked only by
the products they are using, and the elaborate feather head dress each
displays. Both represent the ‘exotic’ to the tobacco-buying public of the
18th century. Highland regiments served in North America at the time,
and, since the destruction of the clan system in the middle of that century,
kilted highlanders were becoming strongly associated with romance and
the fashionable concept of the ‘noble savage’. These two exotic ‘savages’ are
portrayed for our visual pleasure in their different states of fancy dress and
undress. We look at them but they do not address us: compare the child’s
direct gaze at the viewer in Figure 7.1.
An absence of eye-contact with the viewer puts the viewer in a more
distant, observational position. The viewer can dispassionately consider
the relationship between the characters in the image who establish (or fail
Developing Visual Literacy
149
Figure 7.5
Advertisement for tobacco, featuring a Highland soldier and a
slave
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to establish) eye-contact, or we can puzzle about what it is, out-of-frame,
that the characters are gazing at. Kress and van Leeuwen argue that when a
character is gazing out-of-frame a strong feeling of empathy is induced in
the viewer. They also argue that male characters (like the four horsemen)
tend to gaze firmly at unseen goals or horizons, whereas female characters
tend to be represented as staring blankly into the middle distance, ‘as if
they have mentally withdrawn from their immediate surroundings’ (1996:
66). The two characters in the tobacco advertisement also seem to have
withdrawn from their surroundings, presumably in this case under the
influence of the narcotic.

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