Languages for intercultural communication and education



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CorbettAnInterculturalApproachtoEnglishLanguageTeachingLanguagesforInterculturalCommunicationandEducation7

Figure 7.4
Summary of Composition of Image (adapted from Kress & van
Leeuwen, 1996: 208)
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Another means of establishing salience is through contrast in colour or
differences in sharpness of focus. Near the beginning of many productions
of Shakespeare’s
Hamlet,
the hero is visually differentiated by the fact that
he is wearing black, the colour of mourning, in opposition to the wedding
gaiety of the rest of the court. The quality of focus can highlight a particular
element in an image: it can be portrayed sharply against a soft-focus back-
ground, or (as is less frequently the case) in soft-focus against a sharply
focused background.
The Grammar and Vocabulary of Visual Images
Positioning, framing and salience together provide the main resources
for considering the composition of the image. In this section, we shall look
more closely at particular combinations of the visual ‘grammar’ and ‘vo-
cabulary’, and in particular how both relate to the viewer. First of all, we
shall consider the portrayal of people in images, and then different types of
object.
People
It is evident even from the images discussed above that the portrayal of
people is one of the most powerful strategies for communication. Since we
are social creatures, we respond to the sight of even an image of someone
looking at us, or ignoring us. We make immediate and largely unconscious
judgements based on the way someone looks, and we identify with images
we find attractive, and disassociate ourselves from those we do not. What
particular characteristics of images of people do we pay systematic
attention to?

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