Language features and functions of special literary words

2.2. Anglicisms in Russian

Anglicisms are the borrowing of words from English into another language. They began to penetrate into the Russian language at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, but their influx into the vocabulary of the Russian language remained insignificant until the 90s of the 20th century: at that time, an intensive process of borrowing began as words for which there were no corresponding concepts, and the replacement of Russian lexical units with English ones to express a positive or negative semantic load ( https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisms ).

As mentioned earlier, there are so many borrowed anglicisms in the Russian language that it is not always possible to determine whether this or that word is Russian or not. For analysis, we selected several excerpts from various newspapers and magazines of the Russian mass media, which contain both borrowings already known to us, and some " false Anglicisms - neologisms" that occurred as a result of tracing English words or phrases.
“The bailiffs were advised to google and read tweets .
The Federal Bailiff Service of the Russian Federation recommended that its employees search for debtors on the Internet using search engines and popular social networks” (Lenta.ru). In this excerpt from the news on the Internet, the verb " google " is prominent . This word was formed from the name of the world-famous American search engine Google , and a new verb to appeared in English. google , which means "search for some information in the Google system " (in Russia we just call it " google ").
From here and in the Russian language appeared tracing paper to google with the same meaning as the English verb. It is assumed that the search will take place in the Google system , but, according to statistics, this search engine is not the most popular in Russia: 50.9% of Internet users use Yandex and 41.0% - Google ( http://seoslim.ru /view.html ). More and more Russians use the verb google specifically for searching the Internet, regardless of which search engine they will use.
The following excerpt from an online newspaper article that caught our attention used extremely interesting words - fundraising and crowdfunding :
"... the project, having collected more than 6.5 million rubles in a short period of time, showed an example of successful network fundraising " (Gazeta.ru);
“...to organize a fundraiser (fortunately, crowdfunding in Russia is no longer a utopia)...” (Lenta.ru).
These borrowings come from the English words fundraising , which means the process of raising funds and other resources by an organization (mainly non-profit) in order to implement both a specific social project and a series of projects united by one common idea or “vector of movement”. Funds can come from individuals, commercial organizations, foundations, government organizations (http://gab-garevoi.narod.ru/inoslova_v_russkom.html).
This term can be successfully replaced by “fundraising”, but in this passage the use of a borrowed word is more appropriate, since its Russian interpretation distorts the meaning: it is not about a simple fundraising, but about raising money through the implementation of a project.
Crowdfunding (aka crowdfunding ) - public donations via the Internet. The meaning is close to fundraising , but there are still differences in semantics. This word can often be seen both in various articles and on television. The term "charity" in this case can be used as a synonym for this borrowing.
Moreover, there is another area of intensive use of various borrowings, except for articles, magazines, and the media. This is a well-known youth slang. It mainly uses tracing and hybrids from the English language, as it is now “in trend”.
Such borrowings are especially pronounced among modern students and schoolchildren. This is due to the fact that children and young people are increasingly “sitting” on the Internet, practically do not let go of their gadgets or “devices” and follow fashion.
The field of study can be represented by the following lexemes:
name of teachers: teacher or tichka (from teacher ): There your teacher is coming. - We do not have a ticker , but a tick .
nicknames of teachers: bibisshinik (from the abbreviation BBC- British Broadcasting Corporation ) - the nickname of teachers with similar initials, for example, Vitaly Vladimirovich Solovyov;
designation of educational institutions: institute (from institute ) - Are you going to the institute today or are you sacking again?;
name of faculties: dep (from department ) - What depot are you on are you studying?;
designations of students of various specialties: managers (from managers ) - managers (We are future managers ), trades or trading (from trade ) - students of the Trade University (We are not just students, we are trades); markets , markers (from marker ) - marketing students (Is this a group of economists? - No, markets );
names of subjects and disciplines: English or Pinglish (transfer from the jargon of schoolchildren from English ) - English (Are you going to English? I don’t know yet);
subject, subjects (from subject ) - a common name for all subjects (Well, what subjects will we torture this year?);
items related to student life: credit card (from credit book ) - record book (I have a festive credit card - only triplets); ID , ID (from ID - identification ) - student card (I have such a photo in ID - my own mother will not recognize);
various time periods, schedule elements: term (from term ) - semester (This term is some kind of long. When it is over. - What, are you already tired of studying?); vindik , vindow , vindushnik (from window ) - “window”, lack of a couple or class (After physical education we have vindushnik , let's go sit in a cafe); haliday or holiday (from holiday ) - holidays (everything is OK in my life, there will be a holiday soon );
designation of various buildings, educational institutions, buildings, classrooms: hostel (from hostel ) - hostel, hostel (Well, I went to the hut, to my hostel nambar tu); voice cofin (from glass coffin - a glass coffin) - a piece of glass, a glazed audience, which is very well visible from the street (The next couple is the show “Behind the Glass”. We will be in the voice of coffin . Again, the homeless will break); reading room (from reading room ) - reading room (After couples - to reading room to study, study and only study); jim (from gum ) - gym (In jim , the physical education teacher does not drive us as much as to the stadium);
names of various control measures and concepts associated with them: tail (from tail ) - an exam or test that was not passed on time (I still haven’t gotten rid of tails for the winter session, and summer is already on the nose); ex (abbreviated excellent ) - five, excellent mark (I received an ex from the seminar today); eczema or zem (from exams ) - exams (How many zems do you have left to pass? - Two); testing (from test ) - testing, control or verification work (We write testing on the second pair , I'll sit down with you, if that).
An anglicism is a word or construction borrowed from English by another language.
With the rise in Anglophone media and global spread of British and US cultures in the 20th and 21st centuries, many English terms have entered popular usage in other tongues. Technology-related English words like internet and computer are particularly common across the globe, as there are no pre-existing words for them. English words are sometimes imported verbatim, and sometimes adapted to the importing language in a process similar to anglicisation. In languages with non-Latin alphabets, these borrowed words can be written in the Latin alphabet anyway, resulting in a text made up of a mixture of scripts; other times they are transliterated. Transliteration of English and other foreign words into Japanese generally uses the katakana script.
In some countries such anglicisation is seen as relatively benign, and the use of English words may even take on a chic aspect. In Japan, marketing products for the domestic market often involves using English or pseudo-English brand names and slogans. In other countries, anglicisation is seen much more negatively, and there are efforts by public-interest groups and governments to reverse the trend.
It is also important to note that while the word anglicism is rooted in the word English, the process does not necessarily denote anglicisms from England. It can also involve terms or words from all varieties of English so that it becomes necessary to use the term Americanism for the loan words originating from the United States.
Definitions of what an anglicism is differ significantly across various fields. The word is employed in various situations of language contact.
The criteria for being considered an anglicism by the Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Selected European Languages are as follows: a loanword that is recognisably English in form with regards to spelling, pronunciation and morphology. In this specific sense, loan translations and calques are excluded (as well as words that are etymologically derived from languages related to modern French).
Some see anglicisms as harmless and useful, others perceive them as bad influences to be countered.
Other definitions of anglicism include: a word or construction peculiar to English; a word or phrase that is peculiar to British English; or English syntax, grammar, or meaning transposed in another language resulting in incorrect language use or incorrect translation.
A number of scholars agree that for anglicism to take place, adaptation must first occur such as in the case of the integration of a great number of anglicisms in Europe. Fischer said that it is similar to neologism in the sense that it completes several phases of integration, which include: 1) the beginning, when it is still new and not known to many speakers; 2) the phase where it begins to spread and take part in the process of institutionalization; and, 3) the word becomes part of the common core of the language. There are experts who propose a more detailed framework such as the model of anglicism adaptation that transpires on four levels: orthographic, phonological, morphological, and semantic.
These are English terms, expressions, or concepts that have been absorbed into the Chinese language, including any of its varieties, and should not be confused with Chinglish, the variety of the English language used by native Chinese speakers.
The anglicisms can be divided to four types: direct phonetic imitation, lexical and grammatical calques, and contamination of orthography. Official language (as given by the Language Planning Office) deprecates Anglicisms, and for the most part, native constructions are sufficient even in spoken language. Nevertheless, some anglicisms creep in.
Computer jargon is generally full of direct imitation, e.g. svappi "swap". Other jargons with abundant anglicisms are pop music, scifi, gaming, fashion, automobile and to some extent scientific jargon. This is regarded a sign of overspecialization, if used outside the context of the jargon. Generally, direct imitation is not as common, but there are examples. For example, the word sexy, pronounced with an Y unlike in English, might be used as an adjective. This is teenager-specific.
Lexical calques take an English expression, like killer application, and produce tappajasovellus, which does mean "an application that kills" just as in English. Readers need to know the equivalent English term to understand this.
Some speakers, especially those in frequent contact with the English language have created a grammatical calque of the English you-impersonal. The English impersonal utilizes the second person pronoun you, e.g. You can't live if you don't eat. Here, the word you does not refer explicitly to the listener, but signifies a general statement. The same example is rendered in Finnish as Syömättä ei elä, where a separate grammatical impersonal (also known as passiivi) is used. When translated word-by-word, Sä et elä jos sä et syö, it will refer directly to the listener. Here the contraction sä of spoken language is used instead of the sinä of spoken language. Then, you will need to understand that it is an anglicism, or you can be offended by the commanding "You there!" tone produced. (There are also native examples of the same construction, so the origin of this piece of grammar may not always be English.)
An English orthographical convention is that compound words are written separately, whereas in Finnish, compound words are written together, using a hyphen with acronyms and numbers. In Finnish, prosessitekniikka and Intel 80286 -prosessori would be correct, but process engineering or Intel 80286 processor would not. Failure to join the words or omitting the hyphen can be either an honest mistake, or contamination from English.
Another orthographical convention is that English words tend to be written as the originals. For example, the computer jargon term from to chat is written as chattailla (chat + frequentative), even if it is pronounced sättäillä. The forms chattäillä or chättäillä are used, too. Sometimes, it is even standard language, e.g. sherry, instead of according to English pronunciation šeri .
A typical shopping centre in La Rochelle, in western France, shows many examples of the English language.
A distinction is made between well-established English borrowings into French, and other words and structures regarded as incorrect. The term anglicisme is often pejorative, carries a large amount of political weight, and frequently denotes an excessive use of English in the French language.
French has many words of English origin for which the English roots are unknown or unrecognized due to a lack of salience or the length of time since the borrowing took place, as well as other words which are seen as English but that are well accepted as part of French (e.g., parking, week-end). Other examples include clown (pronounced KLOON), square (meaning "public square"), and spleen (meaning "melancholy" rather than the organ). These are not considered anglicisms but are fully accepted as French words by the Académie Française.
Occasionally governments and linguistic institutions of both Quebec and France have undertaken strenuous efforts to eradicate anglicisms, often by suggesting French replacements with French phonology and morphology. Although efforts in Quebec have been met with some success (e.g., fin de semaine for week-end), attempts by the Académie have largely been unsuccessful. Sociolinguists have attributed these failures to the general inability of linguistic institutions to enforce a linguistic norm. The Académie regularly updates a list of prescribed linguistic norms, many of which include using suggested French replacements instead of anglicisms (e.g., mot-dièse for hashtag).

Based on the above borrowings, we can conclude that student or youth slang is literally flooded with these words that do not exist in dictionaries, but are extremely common . The next generation does not always keep up with such an influx of new words, therefore, it cannot always correctly interpret this or that word or term. Neologisms in youth slang are created almost every day and very quickly enter the speech of young people. Especially now it is important that the word is similar to English, as the fashion for this language is still going on .

It may seem to many that the language is clogged with so many borrowings and tracings from another language, and on the one hand, this is true: after all, each of the above terms has its own Russian counterpart, which can also be used in everyday speech with great success.
But on the other hand, learning another language is always useful for any person, therefore, in order to know and be able to correctly use this or that borrowed or tracing word, you need to know at least one of its many translations.