Language features and functions of special literary words

Borrowings as a way to enrich the vocabulary of the language

The language does not always need a large number of borrowings, since this process “harms” the language to a greater extent, replacing existing words and concepts with analogues from other languages. But it must be remembered that there are borrowings that are necessary for the language, they play an important role, develop the language, so they cannot be translated.
Language changes and transformations are caused by active social communication with other countries. In the modern world, we are more open to communication, because there are a large number of means for it: phones, tablets, laptops, computers, which explains the large amount of foreign vocabulary in our language.
The process of enriching the vocabulary of a language is a rather lengthy process, during which one or another lexeme takes root firmly in the language, and now we no longer see the difference between a native Russian word and borrowing. Brand ( brend ), elite ( elite ), image ( image ), leaf ( list as "list"), manager ( manager ), mayor ( mayor ), screen ( screen ) - they are all anglicisms.
It is impossible to replace scientific terms or phenomena (atom, polymer, isotope), they are used in speech to avoid confusion in the scientific field, it is for this reason that they do not need translation or synonyms. Special terminology fully covers the scientific and technical spheres of human activity. These terms are purposefully created for specialists in various fields. A terminological system arises that establishes strict boundaries for each term and its relationship with other units.
With the development of cinematography and the emergence of genres such as science fiction and fantasy , there are many terms associated with this area (special effects ( special effects ), popcorn ( popcorn ), remake ( remake ), spiderman ( spiderman ), batman ( batman )).⁶
The cosmetic industry, including plastic surgery, needs certain terms that the Americans and the British have already introduced before us, and we just have to adopt them and use them in everyday speech ( make-up ( makeup ), concealer ( concealer ), highlighter ( highlighter ), corrector ( corrector ), lifting effect ( lifting effect ), lash maker ( lash maker )).
There is another reason for borrowings - the designation of a special type of concepts with the help of foreign words for which only one definition was previously used (Russian or earlier borrowing). For example, to designate a thick variety of jam, we increasingly use the Anglicism "jam", along with Russian essential - relevant, compression - compression (http://www.rusnauka.com/9_SNP_2015/Philologia/3_189609.doc.htm).
Due to the intensive influx of foreign words into the Russian language, there is a need for specialization of concepts, the separation of language means according to c we c lu . One of these words corresponds to the Russian name e , and to the other - a foreign language. Such pairs of words are close in meaning: story a z - reportage.
The tendency to use foreign words is also due to the fact that a descriptive concept can be easily replaced by a foreign monosyllabic one. For example, "sprinting" can be easily replaced by the synonymous concept of "sprint" ( sprint ), travel along a circular route - tour. This allows you to save time in a conversation or in the written transmission of any information.
There are also such lexical units that have analogues in Russian, but people use only borrowings, as they are fashionable in a certain period of time. Such words only contribute to the degradation of our language, due to the fact that they do not carry new information, do not denote a new concept, but simply replace the Russian word with a fashionable foreign one. Their use is most often inappropriate (“my daughter’s behavior is absolutely the same as yours”, “your voice vibrates , don’t worry, everything will be okay ”). The use of a large number of Anglicisms and Americanisms does not always show the degree of education of a person and cause admiration, more often it either creates an awkward silence or is negatively perceived by the listener.

Study of the word borrowing process

A large number of linguists have studied the process of borrowing words over the centuries. Even at a time when national literary languages were not formed, people also communicated with each other, their various dialects were assimilated, something new was obtained, understandable to one and the other community. The lexical composition of the language is the part of the language that is most subject to change. This is an absolutely natural process, which is rarely predictable and always arouses strong interest from linguists , philologists, translators and many others.
For this reason, borrowing cannot be stopped in any way, it is a natural result of the communication of peoples. A. N. Tolstoy wrote about borrowed words like this: “... You don’t need to deny them, you don’t need to abuse them ... It’s better to say “elevator” than “ self- lifter ”, “telephone” than “ long- distance conversation” , but where you can find a root Russian word, you need to find it."
As mentioned earlier, borrowing has two sides: it either enriches the lexical and semantic component of the language, or threatens its national identity. In the 19th century, in response to a strong flood of foreign words, such a direction as "purism" appeared, which means the desire for purity. It still takes place to this day, "cleansing" the language of foreign equivalents.
The appearance of this direction can be compared with the natural protection of a living organism from a threat from the outside, because the language is comparable to a living organism. This protection always arises spontaneously, since everything in nature is balanced: each weight has its own counterweight. But, on the other hand, this threat can be greatly exaggerated: the adoption of words from one language to another is an unstoppable process that, throughout history, has occurred cyclically, in waves. And when, at one time or another, this reached its peak, purism flourished. We can observe this phenomenon in the modern world, in our days. People, especially young people, are strongly subject to fashion trends, which served as the basis for such a frequent use of Anglicisms and Americanisms in their speech, since speaking, adhering to the norm of their native language, is boring and not fashionable. Humanity has always been attracted by the unknown, and now young people, who do not even delve into the meaning of the borrowings they use, use them in all areas of their lives, wanting to be “on top” or “in trend”. As a result of this , o concern about the preservation of national languages o has greatly increased .⁷
This causes concern not only among linguists and writers, but also among ordinary native speakers. For example, in Germany, anglicisms "captured" all spheres of human activity, it even came to the point that a new term appeared - denglish (German English). Youth slang is composed entirely of denglisch . Vivid examples of this trend in the language are such words as Schuldenaudit ( Schuldenprüfung ), Color Waschmittel ( Farbwaschmittel ) . This cannot but be disturbing, since the younger generation is the future of any country, as well as the bearer and transmitter of the national language. If young people continue to speak Denglisch , then soon the German language will cease to be exactly German, the way the people are trying to keep it.