Language features and functions of special literary words

II. Chapter. Study of the process of borrowing words
2.1 Features of the use of borrowed words

Direct borrowing is the easiest way to replenish the vocabulary of a language when it does not have any analogues to explain or name a phenomenon. The reason for the rooting of foreign words is the semantic distinction between foreign and native words , which are close in meaning. As these foreign words became stronger in the Russian language, they formed additional semantic components compared to their Russian lexical parallels: panic is not just fear, but “extreme, uncontrollable fear that immediately covers a person or many people”, comfort is “ conditions of life, stay, environment, providing convenience, tranquility and coziness”, cost-effective - “justifying the costs, not unprofitable, profitable” (Krysin 1996: 5). A foreign word or concept rarely duplicates a Russian concept, usually there is a semantic and stylistic difference between them. We selected a number of foreign terms for analysis and compared them with Russian counterparts or their interpretation. The first table contains a part of anglicisms, which, when translated, has a slightly different semantic structure.

English word	Meaning of the word	Russian word	Meaning of the word
print	1. Print, print; 2. Imprint.	print	An image (drawing, inscription or photograph) applied in a certain way to fabric, paper or other surface.
Top	1. Apex, crown; 2. Lid; 3. The top of women's clothing is sleeveless, not covering the stomach; 4. Top lines of the rating.	Top	1. The top of the women's clothing is sleeveless, not covering the stomach; 2. Top lines of the rating.
Console	1. Bracket, holder; 2. Rack, locker; 3. Control panel; 4. Game console.	Console	1. Control panel; 2. Game console.
Performance	1. Execution, execution; 2. Action, deed, behavior. 3. Game, performance; performance.	performance	Game, performance; performance.
Vacancy	1. emptiness; 2. indifference, distraction; 3. inactivity, unemployment.	Vacancy	Unfilled position.
charter	1. contract for chartering a vessel for a specific voyage; 2. group tourism on chartered vehicles; 3. charter, charter; 4. right, privilege.	Charter	A passenger ship (or part thereof) leased from a carrier company for voyages intended by the charterer.

Based on the data in our table, we can see that these terms are semantic tracing paper in Russian. The Russian language is a synthetic language, polysemy is not inherent in it, with the English language the opposite is true: in the table you can see that the English term has several meanings. But the Russian definition of the English term is too long to be used in everyday speech: charter - a passenger ship (or part of it), rented from a carrier company to make flights planned by the charterer.⁸

That is why, in order not to waste time on pronouncing such a long interpretation of one word, it was simply adopted, and now it is known in Russian as “charter”: From the point of view of structure, all charter conditions are divided into constants and variables. The permanent conditions account for the vast majority of the entire content of the charter , they constitute its unchanging essence. Variable conditions, on the contrary, change from deal to deal. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter ).
Smartphones have appeared in the modern world, in the age of information technology. This word comes from the English " smart phone "- a smart phone that has "smart" functions of a mobile computer: both computing and communication. This term is already firmly rooted in our everyday and business speech. When pronouncing it, many do not even think about the fact that this word consists of two English words. We believe that this is happening because there is now an extremely strong influx of technology-related borrowing. Terms such as a smartphone and many others almost immediately become fixed in our language and are perceived quite adequately both by ear and in writing.
Another vivid example of the well-known anglicism is VIP (from English Very Important Person ). “R oc finm o nit o ring may prepare amendments to the legislation on combating the legalization of criminal proceeds, which involve tightening control over VIPs and government officials” (Gazeta.ru).
This abbreviation is pronounced like “ wee ai pi”, but Russians do not always know how to pronounce it correctly, so they just say “ vip ”. It is found very often in the Russian language and in almost all areas: VIP - hall, VIP-person, VIP-room, VIP - zone , VIP -room, VIP - box , VIP -place and the like means that it is used by the elite, high society.
In Russia, it is fashionable, "in trend", exclusive, expensive and beautiful, although the translation of this abbreviation - a very important person - does not correlate much with the Russian understanding of this borrowing; this concept has expanded and acquired a new meaning.
“... the coffee machine reminded her of her ex- boyfriend , a coffee lover: “When he came, I always made coffee for him. When he finally left, I brewed coffee for myself in memory of him” (Lenta.ru). The use of the words boyfriend ( boyfriend - friend or boyfriend) and girlfriend ( girlfriend - girlfriend or girlfriend) is also very common, especially in everyday speech. M. Krongauz wrote that "the Russian language can no longer serve modern family relations", and these terms are used to refer to a cohabitant or cohabitant. But over time, “cohabitant” and “cohabitant” acquired a negative connotation, and the question arose of a new designation for such a type of relationship as a civil marriage due to the lack of a single designation for couples who lead a joint lifestyle without registering their relationship with state bodies.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that these and other borrowings develop and supplement the Russian language with the concepts that we need. These borrowings decorate our speech and take the language to a new level, more advanced. We use the words or terms we need in various areas of human activity in order to keep up with progress and keep up with the times.