Конструктивный синтаксис (структурный)

The category of tense.
The verbal category of tense expresses the time characteristics denoted by the verb. We should distinguish (мы должны различать) between time as a general category and time as a linguistic category. Time in the general presentation along with space is the form of existence of matter (материя). It is independent of human perception and is constantly changing. Time is reflected by human beings through their intellect and finds in expression in language. The moment of immediate perception of actually reality is linguistically fixed as the “moment of speech”. It serves as the line between the past and the future Linguistic expression of time maybe either “absolutive” or “non - absolutive”. The absolutive time denotation differentiates 3 spheres: the Past, the Present and the Future. The sphere of the Present includes the moment of the speech, the sphere of the Past precedes the sphere of the Present and the sphere of the Future follows the sphere of the Present. Thus (таким образом) the absolutive time correlates the action or process with the moment of speech.
The non – absolutive time denotation is independent from the moment of speech. It may be either factual or relative. The factual expression of time denotes real astronomical time which is independent from either the moment of speech or any other time center. For example, During the Second World War, In 1985 etc. Factual time can be expressed only lexically. Relative time denotation shows the correlation of two or more events and differentiate the priority (relative past) the simultaneity (одновременность) (relative present) and posteriority (следование) (relative future) of one event in relation to another. The relative time can be expressed both lexically and grammatically.
The tense category in English differs a lot from the verbal category of tense in Russian. The tense category in Russia renders absolutive time semantic in the three Russian verbal tense forms present the events as developing in time the past to the future, for example, работал – работаю – буду работать. In English there are 4 verbal tense forms: the Present, the Past, the Future and the Future – in – the – Past. The 2 future tense forms of the verb express the future in 2 separate ways: as an after - event in relation to the present (moment of speech), for example, He will work tomorrow, and as after – event in relation to the past, for example, He said he would work the next day. The Present, the Past and the Future forms of the verb render absolutive time semantic. The Future – in – the – Past form of the verb on English express the relative time – posteriority in relation to the Past. Thus there is not just 0ne verbal category in English but two interconnected tense subcategories, one of them rendering absolutive time semantic and the other rendering relative time semantic.
The opposition of the past and the present can be reduced in certain context so the transposition takes place (транспозиция – когда гр. форма используется не в своем значении, когда значение выражается не привычной формой) for example the present tense of the verb can be used to describe past events in order to create a vivid picture of the past (I stopped to greet him and what do you think he does? He pretends he does not know me - я остановился поприветствовать его, и представь что он делает, он претворяется что не узнает меня). This type of transposition is known as “historic present” (историческое настоящее).
The transposition of past tense form into the context of the present is used to express various degrees of politeness (attitudinal past)