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Auxiliary (вспомогательные) are used to build analytical grammatical forms of notional verbs. For example, have done, will write etc.
Link verbs (глагол связки) connect the nominative part of the predicate (или по другому the predicative – именная часть сказуемого) with the subject. For example, He is a student, He grew pale (он побледнел). The semi functional link verbs should be distinguished (должны быть выделены) from homonymous notional verbs. For example, The flower grew quickly.
Modal verbs denote various attitudes of the subject towards the action or process. For example, ability (can), obligation (must), permission (may), advisability (should) etc.
The subdivision of verbs into notional and functional (semi functional) is grammatically relevant since the verbs of the two subclasses perform different syntactic functions: notional verbs function as predicates, functional and semi functional verbs as parts of predicate.
Notional verbs are subdivided into several groups:
On the basis of subject – process relations notional verb are subdivided into actional (глаголы действия) and statal verbs (глаголы состояния). Actional verbs denote the actions performed by the subject as an active doer. For example, to look, to build. Statal verbs denote various states of the subject or present the subject as the recipient of some activity. For example, to love, to see, to enjoy. The difference between actional and statal verbs is grammatically relevant because actional verbs take the form of the continuous aspect freely and statal verbs are normally used in indefinite (simple) form in the same contexts. For example, What are you looking at or What do you see.
Another subdivision is based on the aspective meaning of notional verbs which exposes (выражает, проявляет) the inner (внутренний) character of the process or its mode of realization. Limitive verbs (предельные глаголы) present a process as potentially limited another words the process is not able to exist beyond some border point (процесс не может реализовываться за пределами какого- то ограничителя). For example, to come, to bring, to sit down etc. Unlimitive (durative) (непредельные) verbs present the process as potentially not limited by any border point. For example, to go, to carry, to sit. But many English verbs can present the action as either limitive or unlimitive in different context. For example, to build, to laugh, Don’t laugh it is an important matter (unlimitive use) or He laughed and left the room (limitive use). The aspective subdivision of the verbs is closely connecting with the previous one: limitive verbs can be only actional while unlimitive verbs denote both action and states. It is also grammatically relevant for the expression of the grammatical category of aspect.
The next subdivision of the notional verbs is based on their combinability features (сочетаемые характеристики) or the valency (валентность – способность какой то единицы образовывать связи с другими). On the bases of combinability verbs are divided into transitive (транзитивные или переходные) and intransitive (непереходные). Transitive verbs denote an action directed toward a certain object (действие направлено обязательно на какой то объект). In a sentence they are obligatorily used with a direct object (обязательно прямое дополнение). For example, He wrote a letter. Intransitive verbs cannot be used with a direct object. For example, He slept for two hours. The notion of valency (понятие валентности) implies (подразумевает) some other characteristics the valency may be either obligatory (required - обязательная) or optional (permitted - необязательная). The obligatory valence (elements which correlate (соотносятся) with the verbs are called “complement” (комплементы), and the verb itself is called “complementive” (комплементарные)). Without a complement a syntactic construction is grammatically and semantically incomplete, for example, He takes… (многоточие подразумевает что должен стоять комплемент которые сочетается с глаголом). The optional valence (необязательные валенты) are called “supplements” (дополнения) and the verb is called “supplementive” (саплементарный глагол). It can be used with or without a supplement, for example, They are singing a song or They are singing.
Лекция 7 -8 (28.10.15 и 11.11.15)
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