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O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI VA KOMMUNIKATSIYALARINI RIVOJLANTIRISH VAZIRLIGI
TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITITETI SAMARQAND FILIALI
«The first American expeditional to the Moon»
Done by: __Begmatov O.
cours__3__ Group_310_
Teacher:__Xalilova E.
Samarkand – 2017
Theme: «The first American expeditional to the Moon»
Plan:
1. About Appolo 11
2. Launch and flight to lunar orbit
3. Lunar descent
4. Lunar surface operations
5. Lunar ascent and return
This article is about the 1969 manned lunar mission. For other uses, see Apollo 11 (disambiguation).
Apollo 11
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Neil Armstrong descends a ladder to become the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon
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Start of mission
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Launch date
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July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 UTC
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Rocket
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Saturn V SA-506
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Launch site
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Kennedy LC-39A
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End of mission
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Recovered by
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USS Hornet
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Landing date
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July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 UTC[2]
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Landing site
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North Pacific Ocean
13°19′N 169°9′W[2]
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Orbital parameters
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Reference system
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Selenocentric
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Periselene
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100.9 kilometers (54.5 nmi)[3]
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Aposelene
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122.4 kilometers (66.1 nmi)[3]
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Inclination
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1.25 degrees[3]
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Period
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2 hours[3]
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Epoch
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July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC[3]
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Lunar orbiter
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Spacecraft component
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Command/Service Module
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Orbital insertion
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July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC[4]
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Departed orbit
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July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC[4]
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Orbits
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30
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Lunar lander
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Spacecraft component
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Lunar Module
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Landing date
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July 20, 1969, 20:18:04 UTC[5]
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Return launch
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July 21, 1969, 17:54 UTC
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Landing site
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Mare Tranquillitatis
0.67408°N 23.47297°E[6]
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Sample mass
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21.55 kilograms (47.51 lb)
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Surface EVAs
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1
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EVA duration
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2 hours, 31 minutes 40 seconds
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Docking with LM
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Docking date
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July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC[4]
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Undocking date
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July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC[4]
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Docking with LM ascent stage
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Docking date
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July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC[4]
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Undocking date
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July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC[4]
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Left to right: Armstrong, Collins, Aldrin
Apollo program
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← Apollo 10
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Apollo 12 →
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Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans, who were Americans, on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rendezvousing with Columbia in lunar orbit.
Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, and was the fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that landed back on Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a lower stage for landing on the Moon, and an upper stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent toward the Moon by the Saturn V's upper stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface. The astronauts used Eagle's upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of lunar orbit on a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24.
Broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by U.S. President John F. Kennedy: "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."[7]
Apollo 11 was the second all-veteran multi-person crew (the first being Apollo 10) in human spaceflight history.[8] A previous solo veteran flight had been made on Soyuz 1 in 1967 by Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov.[9]
Collins was originally slated to be the Command Module Pilot (CMP) on Apollo 8 but was removed when he required surgery on his back and was replaced by Jim Lovell, his backup for that flight. After Collins was medically cleared, he took what would have been Lovell's spot on Apollo 11; as a veteran of Apollo 8, Lovell was transferred to Apollo 11's backup crew and promoted to backup commander.
Backup crew
Position
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Astronaut
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Commander
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James A. Lovell, Jr.
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Command Module Pilot
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William A. Anders
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Lunar Module Pilot
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Fred W. Haise, Jr.
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In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969 and announced that he would retire as an astronaut on that date. At that point Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup Command Module Pilot in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch (at which point Anders would be unavailable if needed) and would later join Lovell's crew and ultimately be assigned as the original Apollo 13 CMP.[10]
Flight directors
Cliff Charlesworth (Green Team), launch and EVA
Gene Kranz (White Team), lunar landing
Glynn Lunney (Black Team), lunar ascent
Call signs
Apollo 11 Command/Service Module Columbia in lunar orbit, photographed from the Lunar Module Eagle
After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy, assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Manned Spacecraft Center director George M. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release,[11] but the crew later decided to change them.
The Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant cannon shell "spacecraft" fired by a giant cannon (also from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon.[12] The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States, the bald eagle, which is featured prominently on the mission insignia.
Insignia
Apollo 11 space-flown silver Robbins medallion
The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". He chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. NASA officials said the talons of the eagle looked too "warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the claws. The crew decided the Roman numeral XI would not be understood in some nations and went with "Apollo 11"; they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing".[13] All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch.
When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.[14] The design was also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979, ten years after the Apollo 11 mission.[15]
Mementos
Neil Armstrong's personal preference kit carried a piece of wood from the Wright brothers' 1903 airplane's left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,[16] along with a diamond-studded astronaut pin originally given to Deke Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on Apollo 1 and given to Slayton after the mission but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton and Armstrong took it on Apollo 11.[17]
Mission highlights
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