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A Personal Record (also published as Some Reminiscences), 1912 The First News, 1918 The Lesson of the Collision: A monograph upon the loss of the "Empress of Ireland", 1919 The Polish Question, 1919 The Shock of War, 1919 Notes on Life and Letters, 1921 Notes on My Books, 1921 Last Essays, edited by Richard Curle, 1926 The Congo Diary and Other Uncollected Pieces, edited by Zdzisław Najder, 1978, ISBN 978-0-385-00771-9 Adaptations[edit] A number of works in various genres and media have been based on, or inspired by, Conrad's writings, including: Cinema[edit] Victory (1919), directed by Maurice Tourneur Gaspar the Strong Man (1920), adapted from Gaspar Ruiz by the author Lord Jim (1925), directed by Victor Fleming Niebezpieczny raj (Dangerous Paradise, 1930), a Polish adaptation of Victory Dangerous Paradise (1930), an adaptation of Victory directed by William Wellman Sabotage (1936), adapted from Conrad's The Secret Agent, directed by Alfred Hitchcock Victory (1940), featuring Fredric March An Outcast of the Islands (1952), directed by Carol Reed and featuring Trevor Howard Lord Jim (1965), directed by Richard Brooks and starring Peter O'Toole The Rover (1967), adaptation of the novel The Rover (1923), directed by Terence Young, featuring Anthony Quinn La ligne d'ombre (1973), a TV adaptation of The Shadow Line by Georges Franju Smuga cienia (The Shadow Line, 1976), a Polish-British adaptation of The Shadow Line, directed by Andrzej Wajda The Duellists (1977), an adaptation of The Duel by Ridley Scott Naufragio (1977), a Mexican adaptation of Tomorrow directed by Jaime Humberto Hermosillo Apocalypse Now (1979), by Francis Ford Coppola, adapted from Heart of Darkness Un reietto delle isole (1980), by Giorgio Moser, an Italian adaptation of An Outcast of the Islands, starring Maria Carta Victory (1995), adapted by director Mark Peploe from the novel The Secret Agent (1996), starring Bob Hoskins, Patricia Arquette and Gérard Depardieu Swept from the Sea (1997), an adaptation of Amy Foster directed by Beeban Kidron Gabrielle (2005) directed by Patrice Chéreau. Adaptation of the short story "The Return" (1898), starring Isabelle Huppert and Pascal Greggory. Hanyut (2011), a Malaysian adaptation of Almayer's Folly Almayer's Folly (2011), directed by Chantal Akerman Secret Sharer (2014), inspired by "The Secret Sharer", directed by Peter Fudakowski The Young One (2016), an adaptation of the short story "Youth", directed by Julien Samani An Outpost of Progress (2016), an adaptation of the short story "An Outpost of Progress", directed by Hugo Vieira da Silva[249][user-generated source] Television John Dos Passos From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
John Roderigo Dos Passos (/dɒsˈpæsəs, -sɒs/;[1][2] January 14, 1896 – September 28, 1970) was an American novelist, most notable for his U.S.A. trilogy. Born in Chicago, Dos Passos graduated from Harvard College in 1916. He traveled widely as a young man, visiting Europe and the Middle East, where he learned about literature, art, and architecture. During World War I, he was an ambulance driver for American volunteer groups in Paris and Italy, before joining the U.S. Army Medical Corps. In 1920, his first novel, One Man's Initiation: 1917, was published, and in 1925, his novel Manhattan Transfer became a commercial success. His U.S.A. trilogy, which consists of the novels The 42nd Parallel (1930), 1919 (1932), and The Big Money (1936), was ranked by the Modern Library in 1998 as 23rd of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. Written in experimental, non-linear form, the trilogy blends elements of biography and news reports to paint a landscape of early 20th-century American culture. Beyond his writing, Dos Passos is known for his shift in political views. Following his experiences in World War I, he became interested in socialism and pacifism, which also influenced his early work. In 1928, he traveled to the Soviet Union, curious about its social and political experiment, though he left with mixed impressions. His experiences during the Spanish Civil War led to disillusionment about left-wing politics while also severing his relationship with fellow writer Ernest Hemingway. By the 1950s, his political views had changed dramatically, and he had become more conservative. In the 1960s, he campaigned for presidential candidates Barry Goldwater and Richard M. Nixon. As an artist, Dos Passos created his own cover art for his books, influenced by modernism in 1920s Paris. He died in Baltimore, Maryland. Spence's Point, his Virginia estate, was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971.
1Early life 2Literary career 3U.S.A. trilogy 4Artistic career 5Influence 6Dos Passos Prize 7Works 7.1Literary works 7.2Other writings 8See also 9Notes 10Further reading 11External links Early life[edit] Born in Chicago, Dos Passos was the illegitimate son of John Randolph Dos Passos (1844–1917), a lawyer of half Madeiran Portuguese descent, and Lucy Addison (Sprigg) Madison of Petersburg, Virginia. His father was married at the time and had a son several years older than John. As a child, John traveled extensively with his mother, who was an invalid and preferred Europe. Although John's father married his mother after the death of his first wife in 1910, when John was 14, he refused to formally acknowledge John for another two years.[3] John Randolph Dos Passos was an authority on trusts, and a staunch supporter of the powerful industrial conglomerates that his son expressly criticized in his fictional works during the 1920s and 1930s.[4] After his mother and he returned to the US, John Dos Passos was enrolled in 1907 at the Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall), a private college-preparatory school in Wallingford, Connecticut, under the name John Roderigo Madison. His parents later arranged for him to travel with a private tutor on a six-month tour of France, England, Italy, Greece, and the Middle East, to study the masters of classical art, architecture, and literature. In 1912, Dos Passos enrolled in Harvard College, where he became friends with classmate E.E. Cummings, who said there was a "foreignness" about Dos Passos, and "no one at Harvard looked less like an American."[5] Following his graduation cum laude in 1916,[6] Dos Passos traveled to Spain to study art and architecture. In July 1917, with World War I raging in Europe, Dos Passos volunteered for the S.S.U. 60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps, along with friends Cummings and Robert Hillyer. Later, he also worked as a volunteer ambulance driver with the American Red Cross in north-central Italy. By the late summer of 1918, Dos Passos had completed a draft of his first novel. At the same time, he had to report for duty with the U.S. Army Medical Corps at Camp Crane in Pennsylvania. On Armistice Day, he was stationed in Paris, where the U.S. Army Overseas Education Commission allowed him to study anthropology at the Sorbonne. Three Soldiers, his novel drawn from those experiences, features a character who has virtually the same military career as the author and stays in Paris after the war. Literary career[edit] Considered one of the Lost Generation writers, Dos Passos published his first novel in 1920, One Man's Initiation: 1917, which was written in the trenches during World War I. It was followed by the antiwar novel, Three Soldiers, which brought him considerable recognition. His 1925 novel about life in New York City, titled Manhattan Transfer, was a commercial success, and introduced experimental stream-of-consciousness techniques. Those ideas also coalesced into the U.S.A. trilogy, of which the first book appeared in 1930. A social revolutionary, Dos Passos came to see the United States as two nations, one rich and one poor. He wrote admiringly about the Industrial Workers of the World, and the injustice in the criminal convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti, and joined with other notable figures in the United States and Europe in a failed campaign to overturn their death sentences. In 1928, Dos Passos spent several months in Russia studying socialism. He was a leading participant in the April 1935 First Americans Writers Congress, sponsored by the Communist-leaning League of American Writers, but he eventually baulked at the idea that Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, would have control over creative writers in the United States. In 1936—1937, Dos Passos served on the American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, commonly known as the "Dewey Commission", with other notable figures such as Sidney Hook, Reinhold Niebuhr, Norman Thomas, Edmund Wilson, and chairman John Dewey. It had been set up following the first of the Moscow "Show Trials" in 1936, part of the massive purges of Soviet party leaders and intellectuals in that period.[7] In the following year, he wrote the screenplay for the film The Devil is a Woman, starring Marlene Dietrich and directed by Josef von Sternberg, both exiles from Nazi Germany. It was adapted from the 1898 novel La Femme et le pantin by Pierre Louÿs. In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, Dos Passos returned to Spain with writer Ernest Hemingway, whom he had met in Paris in the 1920s. However, his views on the Communist movement had already begun to change. Dos Passos broke with Hemingway and Herbert Matthews over what he considered their cavalier attitude towards the war, and their willingness to lend their names to deceptive Stalinist propaganda efforts, including the cover-up of the Soviet responsibility in the murder of José Robles, Dos Passos' friend and translator of his works into Spanish. (In later years, Hemingway would give Dos Passos the derogatory moniker of "the pilot fish" in his memoir of 1920s Paris, A Moveable Feast.) Of Communism, Dos Passos later wrote: "I have come to think, especially since my trip to Spain, that civil liberties must be protected at every stage. In Spain, I am sure that the introduction of GPU methods by the Communists did as much harm as their tank men, pilots, and experienced military men did good. The trouble with an all-powerful secret police in the hands of fanatics, or of anybody, is that once it gets started, there's no stopping it until it has corrupted the whole body politic. I am afraid that's what's happening in Russia."[8] Dos Passos had attended the 1932 Democratic National Convention and subsequently wrote an article for The New Republic in which he harshly criticized the selection of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the party's nominee. In the mid-1930s, he wrote a series of scathing articles about Communist political theory. In his novel The Big Money, he features a character who is an idealist Communist gradually worn down and destroyed by groupthink in the party. As a result of socialism gaining popularity in Europe in response to the rise of fascism and Nazism, there was a sharp decline in international sales of his books.[citation needed][9] Between 1942 and 1945, Dos Passos worked as a journalist and war correspondent, covering American operations in the Pacific and the post-World War II situation in Frankfurt, Berlin, Munich and Vienna.[10] In 1947, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Tragedy struck the same year when an automobile accident killed his wife of 18 years, Katharine Foster Smith, and cost him the sight in one eye. The couple had no children. Dos Passos married Elizabeth Hamlyn Holdridge (1909–1998) in 1949, by whom he had one daughter, Lucy Hamlin Dos Passos (b. 1950). His politics, which had always underpinned his work, moved to the right, and Dos Passos came to have a qualified, and temporary, sympathy for the goals of Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s.[11] However, his long-time friend journalist John Chamberlain believed that "Dos always remained a libertarian."[12] In the 1950s, Dos Passos also contributed to publications such as the history magazine American Heritage, for which he wrote essays on Thomas Jefferson, the Marquis de Sade, Aaron Burr, and Robert Morris,[13] the libertarian journal The Freeman and the conservative magazine National Review.[14] In the same decade, he published the influential study The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson (1954), about which fellow ex-radical Max Eastman wrote: "I think John Dos Passos has done a great service to his country and the free world by lending his talents to this task. He has revived the heart and mind of Jefferson, not by psychoanalytical lucubrations or soulful gush, but in the main by telling story after story of those whose lives and thoughts impinged upon his. And Jefferson's mind and heart are so livingly related to our problems today that the result seems hardly to be history."[15] Recognition for his significant contributions to literature came 30 years later in Europe, when, in 1967, he was invited to Rome to accept the prestigious Antonio Feltrinelli Prize for international distinction in literature. Although Dos Passos' partisans have contended that his later work was ignored because of his changing politics, some critics argue that the quality of his novels declined following U.S.A, largely due to the his political evolution and criticism of Marxism. In the 1960s, he actively campaigned for Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign and Richard M. Nixon's 1960 and 1968 presidential campaigns, and became associated with the group Young Americans for Freedom.[16] He continued to write until his death in Baltimore, Maryland in 1970. He is interred in Yeocomico Churchyard Cemetery in Cople Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia, near where he had made his home. Over his long career, Dos Passos wrote 42 novels, as well as numerous poems, essays, and plays, and created more than 400 pieces of art.
Dos Passos' major work is the U.S.A. trilogy, comprising The 42nd Parallel (1930), 1919 (1932), and The Big Money (1936). Dos Passos used experimental techniques in these novels, incorporating newspaper clippings, autobiography, biography, and fictional realism to paint a vast landscape of American culture during the first decades of the 20th century. Though each novel stands on its own, the trilogy is designed to be read as a whole. Dos Passos' political and social reflections in the novel are deeply pessimistic about the political and economic direction of the United States, and few of the characters manage to hold onto their ideals through the First World War. The novel reflects the author's sympathy, at the time of writing, for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and his outrage at its suppression, for which the book expresses a deep grudge for President Woodrow Wilson. Artistic career[edit] Before becoming a leading novelist of his day, John Dos Passos sketched and painted. During the summer of 1922, he studied at Hamilton Easter Field's art colony in Ogunquit, Maine. Many of his books published during the ensuing ten years used jackets and illustrations that Dos Passos created. Influenced by various movements, he merged elements of Impressionism, Expressionism, and Cubism to create his own unique style. And his work evolved with his first exhibition at New York's National Arts Club in 1922 and the following year at Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney's Studio Club in New York City. While Dos Passos never gained recognition as a great artist, he continued to paint throughout his lifetime and his body of work was well respected. His art most often reflected his travels in Spain, Mexico, North Africa, plus the streets and cafés of the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris that he had frequented with good friends Fernand Léger, Ernest Hemingway, Blaise Cendrars, and others. Between 1925 and 1927, Dos Passos wrote plays as well as created posters and set designs for the New Playwrights Theatre in New York City. In his later years, his attention turned to painting scenes around his residences in Maine and Virginia. In early 2001, an exhibition titled The Art of John Dos Passos opened at the Queens Borough Library in New York City. It toured to several locations throughout the United States. Influence[edit] Dos Passos' pioneering works of nonlinear fiction were a major influence in the field. In particular Alfred Döblin's Berlin Alexanderplatz and Jean-Paul Sartre's Roads To Freedom trilogy show the influence of his methods.[citation needed] In a 1936 essay, "On John Dos Passos and 1919", Sartre referred to Dos Passos as "the greatest writer of our time."[17] American writer Mary McCarthy said that The 42nd Parallel was among the chief influences on her own work.[18] In the television documentary, The Odyssey of John Dos Passos (1994), writer Norman Mailer said: "Those three volumes of U.S.A. make up the idea of a 'Great American Novel.'"[citation needed] Science fiction writers have also been influenced by Dos Passos's works. John Brunner's "non-novel" Stand on Zanzibar (1968), which won the Hugo Award, features his technique of using fictitious newspaper clippings, television announcements, and other "samples" taken from the news and entertainment media of the year 2010. While influenced by Dos Passos's technique, Brunner's work was also inspired by emerging European literary theory on meta-fiction. Joe Haldeman's novel Mindbridge (2014) also uses the collage technique. His short story, "To Howard Hughes: A Modest Proposal" (1974), explored a wealthy man reacting to the threat of war by wielding the power of private atomic reaction.[19] The British documentary filmmaker Adam Curtis says he has been inspired by Dos Passos and tries to incorporate his technique in film: "Why I love Dos Passos is he tells political stories but at the same time he also lets you know what it feels like to live through them. Most journalism does not acknowledge that people live at least as much in their heads as they do in the world."[20] In a 2018 interview, French director Agnès Varda spoke on her inspirations, "I learned a lot from reading. I learned editing from Dos Passos. I learned the structure of writing from Fontenay. I learned poetry from Prévert.[21] Dos Passos Prize[edit] The John Dos Passos Prize is a literary award given annually by the Department of English and Modern Languages at Longwood University. The prize seeks to recognize "American creative writers who have produced a substantial body of significant publication that displays characteristics of John Dos Passos' writing: an intense and original exploration of specifically American themes, an experimental approach to form, and an interest in a wide range of human experiences." Works[edit] Literary works[edit] One Man's Initiation: 1917 (1920), novel. Reprinted in 1945, under the title First Encounter Three Soldiers (1921[22]), novel A Pushcart at the Curb (1922), poetry collection Rosinante to the Road Again (1922), essay Streets of Night (1923), novel Manhattan Transfer (1925), novel Facing the Chair (1927), pamphlet Orient Express (1927), travel memoir U.S.A. (1938). Three-volume set includes The 42nd Parallel (1930), novel Nineteen Nineteen (1932), novel The Big Money (1936), novel Tour of Duty (1946), reportage The Ground We Stand On (1949), history District of Columbia (1952). Three-volume set includes Adventures of a Young Man (1939), novel Number One (1943), novel The Grand Design (1949), novel Chosen Country (1951), novel Most Likely to Succeed (1954), novel The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson (1954), biography "The Theme Is Freedom" (1956), collection of essays The Men Who Made the Nation (1957), history The Great Days (1958), novel Prospects of a Golden Age (1959), biography Midcentury (1961), novel Mr. Wilson's War (1962), history Brazil on the Move (1963), history The Best Times: An Informal Memoir (1966), memoir The Shackles of Power (1966), history World in a Glass – A View of Our Century From the Novels of John Dos Passos (1966), collection of prose excerpts The Portugal Story (1969), history Century's Ebb: The Thirteenth Chronicle (1970), novel—incomplete Easter Island: Island of Enigmas (1970), history Lettres à Germaine Lucas Championnière (2007) – only in French Other writings[edit] U.S.A.: The 42nd Parallel, 1919, The Big Money (Daniel Aaron and Townsend Ludington, eds.) (Library of America, 1996) ISBN 978-1-883011-14-7. Novels 1920–1925: One Man's Initiation: 1917, Three Soldiers, Manhattan Transfer (Townsend Ludington, ed.) (Library of America, 2003) ISBN 978-1-931082-39-6. Travel Books & Other Writings 1916–1941: Rosinante to the Road Again; Orient Express; In All Countries; A Pushcart to the Curb; Essays, Letters, Diaries (Townsend Ludington, ed.) (Library of America, 2003) ISBN 978-1-931082-40-2. See also[edit] José Robles List of ambulance drivers during World War I Notes[edit] ^ "Dos Passos". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21. ^ "Dos Passos, John". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21. ^ Carr, Virginia Spencer (1984). Dos Passos: A Life. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-2200-0. pp 114–117. The acknowledgement was never full or warm, nor were relations between the half-brothers Louis and John. ^ See, e.g., John R. Dos Passo, The Negro Question, 12 Yale Law Journal 467 (1903) (arguing for returning power to states governing African American voting). ^ The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Steven R. Serafin, Alfred Bendixen, A&C Black, 2005, p. 288 ^ Gold, Michael (1933). "The Education of John Dos Passos". The English Journal. 22 (2): 87–97. doi:10.2307/804561. JSTOR 804561. ^ Review of Beard, Becker and the Trotsky Inquiry, by Harold Kirker and Burleigh Taylor Wilkins (1961), The Johns Hopkins University Press. American Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Winter, 1961), pp. 516-525 ^ Diggins, John Patrick, "'Organization is Death': John Dos Passos", and "Visions of Order: Dos Passos", in Up From Communism, 1975, Columbia University Press, then Harper & Row, pp. 74-117, and pp. 233-268. ^ Lynde, Lowell Frederic (1967). John Dos Passos: The Theme Is Freedom. Louisiana State University Digital Commons. ^ Bernhard Wenzl, "An American in Allied-occupied Austria: John Dos Passos reports on 'The Vienna Frontier'" in Austria and America: 20th-Century Cross-Cultural EncountersEd. Joshua Parker and Ralph J. Poole, 2017, Lit Verlag, pp. 73-80. ^ Diggins, pp.233-268. ^ Chamberlain, John, A Life With the Printed Word, 1982, Regnery, p.113. ^ Dos Passos, John. "Bio and list of essays by John Dos Passos". AmericanHeritage.com. American Heritage Publishing. ^ John P. Diggins, "'Organization is Death': John Dos Passos", and "Visions of Order: Dos Passos", in Up From Communism, 1975, Columbia University Press, then Harper & Row, pp. 74-117, and pp. 233-268. ^ Dos Passos, The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson, dust jacket, first edition, 1954, Doubleday. ^ Diggins, Up From Communism. ^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (2013). Aronson, Ronald; Van den Hoven, Adrian (eds.). We Have Only this Life to Live: Selected Essays of Jean-Paul Sartre, 1939-1975. New York Review of Books. p. 16. ISBN 9781590174937. ^ See, e.g., Jack Cashill, Hoodwinked, Nelson Current, 2005, p.44. ^ Gordon, Joan (1980). Joe Haldeman. Wildside Press. p. 55. ^ Adams, Tim (9 October 2016). "Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ Kai Dempsey, Dylan (October 5, 2017). "New Wave Crash Course: Agnès Varda's Personal Film School". No Film School. ^ http://www.eldritchpress.org/wwone/threes.html Further reading[edit] Pizer, Donald. Toward a Modernist Style: John Dos Passos. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. Carr, Virginia Spencer. Dos Passos: A Life. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2004. Hutchinson, Hazel. The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2015. Ludington, Townsend. John Dos Passos: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998. Ludington, Townsend, "John Dos Passos, 1896-1970: Modernist Recorder of the American Scene", Virginia Quarterly Review, Autumn 1996 Morris, James McGrath, The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost in War. Boston: Da Capo Books, 2017. George Packer, Review of Stephen Koch, “The Breaking Point: Hemingway, dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles”, The New Yorker, 31 October 2005 David Sanders (Spring 1969). "John Dos Passos, The Art of Fiction No. 44". Paris Review. William Styron From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search
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