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ILMIY AXBOROTNOMA FILOLOGIYA 2019-yil, 6-son
34
media (mass media), internet-konferensiya (internet-conference), internet-magazin (internet-
магазин
),
internet-kafe (internet-cafe), internet-klass (internet-class), internet-kompyuter (internet-computer),
internet-biznes (internet-business), mediabozor (media bozor), VIP zal (VIP-zal), LCD-monitor (monitor),
IRG xizmati (service), CD-ROM disk (disc), PR-agentlik (agency), PR-men (men), PR-
т
texnologiya
(technology), IP adres (address), VIP-kompyuter (computer), DVD-pleyer (player), E-
ме
yl (mail) et
с
.
Assimilation is a process of adjusting in Phonetics and Lexicology. The term Assimilation in
Etymology is used to denote a partial or total conformation of a borrowed word to the phonetical (graphical
and morphological standards and the semantic system of the receiving language.
There are three main types of Assimilation:
Phonetic Assimilation – the adjusting of the phonetic structure of a borrowed word to the
phonetical system of the recipient language. Loan words not assimilated phonetically retain their foreign
pronunciation like most of the French borrowings of the latest time, e.g. police, machine, ballet;
Grammatical Assimilation – a conformation of a borrowed word to the morphological standards of
the receiving language. Grammatically assimilated loan words acquire English grammatical categories and
paradigms, e.g. to count-counted-counting, sputnik-sputniks. Loan words not assimilated grammatically
retain their foreign grammatical forms like some nouns borrowed from Latin which keep their original
plural inflexions, e.g. phenomenon – phenomena.
Lexical Assimilation – a conformation of a borrowed word to the lexico-semantic system of the
receiving language. It means that a borrowed word may participate in word building and develop its
semantic structure, e.g. sputnik – to out sputniks, sputnikists. Foreign polysemantic words become
monosemantic in the receiving language but a borrowed word may develop a new meaning in the receiving
language, e.g. palate (the roof of the mouth) has developed a new meaning in English = taste, inclination
and interest; and the new derivatives – palatable (tasty) and etc.
Degree of Assimilation depends on the following factors:
-The time of borrowing. The older the borrowing is, the more thoroughly it’s assimilated
-The frequency of usage
-The way in which the word was adopted. Oral borrowings are assimilated more rapidly and more
completely than literary borrowings, e.g. borrowings through writing.
According to the degree of Assimilation, borrowings are subdivided into:
1.completely/fully assimilated words. They correspond to all phonetic, morphological and
semantic laws of English and do not felt as borrowings. They are found in all the layers of older borrowings
(Latin, Scandinavian, French). Many of them belong to the native word stock of English (cheese, street –
Latin; husband, to die, to take – Scandinavian; table – French).
2.partially assimilated borrowed words. They’ve retained:
•
foreign pronunciation (vase, restaurant)\
•
foreign morphological characteristics (datum – data)
•
they are not assimilated semantically denoting notion of foreign cultures, nature, customs (steppe,
taiga, sombrero). These are foreign realies which have no corresponding equivalents in English.
•
barbarisms (unassimilated borrowed words). These are foreign words used by English people in
oral speech or in writing but not assimilated in any way. They usually have corresponding English
equivalents, e.g. “Chao” (Italian), “adio”.
The choice of these groups is justified by the analysis of Western European vocabulary in the
modern Uzbek language in periodical materials, since in our sources it is in the above lexico-semantic
groups that the largest number of borrowed vocabulary is observed.
From the above analysis of linguistic material, we can conclude that borrowings from Western
European languages are widespread in the modern Uzbek language. Borrowing penetrated almost all of its
spheres of functioning: both political, economic, sports, scientific, and everyday. At this stage of the
development of the Uzbek language, the active entry and use of foreign words is observed. This contributes
to the development of synonymy in the language. It should also be noted that not all newly borrowed words
are reflected in dictionaries.
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