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Satellite Systems Engineering and Economics
terrestrial cellular for mobile telephone and satellites for digital video broadcasting,
both in the 1990s. The nature of that dominance and competition between terrestrial
communications and satellite communications will change and shift from time to
time. The first innovations in high-capacity long-distance transmission were in the
terrestrial area. Those developments included microwave transmission and analog
FDM. Satellites took off next, relying on the same technologies but greatly reducing
the cost of transmission by eliminating the unnecessary microwave repeater sites.
Satellites became well established and pioneered new technologies in digital pro-
cessing and transmission, notably TDMA, digital echo cancellation, and video
compression. That began to bleed over to the terrestrial side, providing the basis
for advances in terrestrial communications such as digital switching and high-
speed digital transmission. More recently, the obstacles to HDTV and digital TV
broadcasting are being overcome through the innovation of digital DTH service,
pioneered by DIRECTV. We are poised for greater expansion of satellite services by
virtue of Ka-band projects like Spaceway and ViaSat. Quite logically, forthcoming
innovations in both satellite and terrestrial technologies will aid in the redefinition
of telecommunications services that can be provided by the next generation of both
approaches.
While fiber optic and wireless networks are well established in the developed
world, satellite communications will continue to play a complementary and there-
fore important role. Conceptually, a fiber optic network is a given country provides
the backbone of transmission between major cities and user locations. The econom-
ics of fiber are very favorable as long as the fibers and digital transmission groups
within them can be adequately loaded with paying traffic. An unloaded fiber optic
cable is not attractive economically, compounded by the fact that once a link is
installed between two points it cannot be deployed elsewhere. Wireless systems
also depend on fixed infrastructure to provide access, switch calls and route data,
and to integrate services with the global Internet and telephone network.
The obvious role of satellite transmission is to provide the flexibility that point-
to-point cables and microwave links cannot. Thin route applications will always
be attractive by satellite. A hybrid network of heavily loaded fiber and diverse
satellite links can produce the lowest cost per call or download where service is
to be provided on a widespread basis. The type of satellite that is called for would
operate in the FSS portion of the Ku- or Ka-band, taking advantage of the ability
to locate uplinks anywhere in the satellite footprint. A high-capacity satellite can
achieve cost per call for thin route service that is competitive with conventional
service over the public network, even with low-cost fiber optic transmission between
major nodes. Another approach to applying satellite technology is through
advanced MSS systems. The low cost of the MSS user terminal in these systems
makes the service attractive on an investment cost basis, if not in terms of per-
minute charges.
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