12.7
Satellite Communications: Instant Infrastructure
419
of transponders are varied (i.e., doubling of TWT output power halves the total
number of transponders on the satellite). The benefit of more power is that the
diameter of the receiving Earth station antenna can be reduced, saving ground total
investment cost. That cost could be allocated either to the users (who must purchase
their own DTH receivers) or retained by the network operator (who provides the
DTH receiver free with the service). For a fixed system noise temperature such as
100K, the Earth station G/T is determined entirely by antenna gain. Consequently,
the tradeoff is presented in terms of receiving dish size.
There will be a combination of satellite power and antenna diameter that
minimizes the sum of the costs of those two elements for all stations in the network.
It usually turns out that the more Earth stations there are in the network, the lower
is the optimum antenna size (corresponding to a higher value of satellite EIRP).
In terms of a nominal design point for the satellite, the number of transponders is
16 and their individual power is 200W, corresponding to a typical BSS satellite
design with a per-transponder EIRP of 50 dBW. Investment costs are estimated
for the satellite in orbit and for the receiving dish without the indoor settop unit
because only the RF element costs are affected by the tradeoff of dish size and
satellite EIRP.
The curves in Figure 12.13 indicate that in the broadcasting application using
a very high powered satellite transponder, the minimum cost occurs at approxi-
mately 1m for a system of 100,000 terminals, while the corresponding minimum
for 1,000,000 antennas is approximately half that diameter. To allow the diameter
to be decreased to around 40 cm, the satellite EIRP should increase from approxi-
mately 50 dBW, as indicated along the X-axis of Figure 12.13. The BSS approach
with relatively wide spacing between satellites is favored in those results because
of the small dish size used to achieve optimum. Minimum cost conditions in the
figure are within flat bottoms of the respective curves, demonstrating that the
sensitivity of the optimum to the selected antenna size is not particularly strong.
This particular tradeoff and optimization study has been simplified to some
extent, and the results should not be taken as conclusive. However, the power of
the technique is evident. To be able to perform studies of this type, it is essential
that accurate performance and cost data be used and that the model be properly
constructed. Planning of this type requires a considerable investment in time and
talent, beginning with a basic model and extending and expanding it as new data
are gathered. Furthermore, the results should be checked against other hypotheses
and available real-world data. Review by systems engineers and operations experts
will provide greater confidence in the models and what they are telling their devel-
opers.
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