Introduction to Satellite Communication 3rd Edition



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ebooksclub.org Introduction to Satellite Communication Artech House Space Applications

Figure 8.26
Radiation patterns of near-omnidirectional antennas.
because spacecraft may experience off-pointing during an anomaly, requiring care-
ful monitoring and fast response by ground controllers. In the absence of adequate
coverage, the spacecraft may have to rely on preprogramming of the control proces-
sor to try to put the spacecraft into a suitable attitude for TT&C operation.
8.3.8
Thermal Control
One of the little appreciated yet vital areas of spacecraft design is thermal control.
Space can be a harsh environment in terms of temperature, both hot and cold.
Active components would prefer to operate at or near room temperature (22
°
C),
while external appendages, like reflectors, feeds, solar panels, and thrusters, can
expect to experience temperature extremes of

100
°
C to
+
100
°
C. Therefore, the
thermal control system represents a common denominator for all operating elements
of the spacecraft. Unexpectedly high temperatures cause great concern for such
components as moving bearings and solid state electronic devices, which may have
been designed and tested for a more nominal temperature range. Failure of the
thermal control system can be caused by inaccurate analysis of heat distribution
followed by insufficient ground environmental testing. Once a satellite reaches
orbit, there is little that can be done to alter the thermal performance.
To get an appreciation for the elements of the thermal control system, examine
the cross-section of a hypothetical spacecraft configuration shown in Figure 8.27.
The picture does not represent a particular spacecraft design but shows the key
components and their arrangement. There are two fundamental appoaches to


8.3
Spacecraft Bus Subsystems
287

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