Figure 8.25
Simplified block diagram of the spacecraft command subsystems showing how the
COMMAND and EXECUTE functions are used.
8.3
Spacecraft Bus Subsystems
285
reason the dual process is used is to provide an extra safeguard against operator
mistakes and equipment anomalies.
Just how the COMMAND and EXECUTE signals are processed is depicted in
the lower part of Figure 8.25. Each function to be controlled has assigned to it a
unique digital command word, like an IP address. Those words are maintained in
a list that is unique to the particular type of spacecraft. To protect against unautho-
rized access, the words can be encrypted prior to uplink transmission and subse-
quently decrypted in the spacecraft. Commands are selected by the spacecraft
control operator or software procedure, transferring them to the command link.
In the spacecraft, the specific command is identified by the command decoder,
which has a direct and unique connection to each control driver. Three typical
examples are shown at the right. The S switch can be commanded between its two
positions using its control driver. Activation of the TWTA requires two separate
ON commands, first for the heater and then (after a predetermined warmup period)
for the high voltage.
The standard procedure for commanding a unit ON is as follows. First, the
uniquely defined command word is sent to the spacecraft, where it is received,
decoded, and retransmitted to the ground via telemetry for verification. The ground
station computer automatically checks to see that the received command word is
the same as that which was sent. At that point, the command operation can be
sure the spacecraft is ready for the EXECUTE, independently of the COMMAND.
Only that unit for which the proper command word was sent will respond to the
EXECUTE. Autonomous onboard verfification of the command (with retransmis-
sion to the ground) is accomplished through a rigorous data integrity check in the
command decoder similar to the CRC sequences used in computer communications.
Most spacecraft use stored commands, which are either maintained in computer
memory onboard or uploaded ahead of the desired function. That involves com-
mand sequences needed to alter spacecraft configuration or even orbit.
8.3.7.4
TT&C Omnidirectional Antenna
The TT&C system on a spacecraft may use two different antennas during the
mission lifetime. For most of the initial operations in transfer orbit and before the
main communications antenna is functional, the TT&C omnidirectional antenna
provides all access to the spacecraft. Similar comments are appropriate for non-GEO
satellites, which could, because of shortened path length, employ omniantennas for
an entire mission.
An ideal omniantenna would function like a point source of light, radiating
equally in all directions. That is a physical impossibility for a real antenna, due to
blockage from the spacecraft body and its appendages, coupled with the difficulty
of designing an appropriate microwave structure. Figure 8.26 shows some more
practical antenna patterns currently used on commercial satellites: the toroidal and
the cardioid. Placement of the omniantenna on a three-axis spacecraft can, at times,
be difficut. That is due to the potential RF blockage from reflectors, solar panels,
and other appendages. The solution has been to incorporate two or more cardioid
or horn antennas that combine signals in the command receiver or telemetry trans-
mitter to produce the desired near-complete coverage. That is particularly critical
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Spacecraft Mission and Bus Subsystems
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