International Marketing in Germany – From a cultural perspective



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Neutral versus Emotional
Trompenaars’ third dimension that deals with cultural behavior concerns neutral versus 
emotional behavior. Business people within the neutral dimension do not speak about or show 
emotions, they see business as only business without emotional involvement
100
. The countries 
are graded to what extend they are neutral or emotional within relationships (See figure 2.8). 
Figure 2.8 Emotional Orientation in Relationship – Neutral versus Emotional 
Source:
Derensky, H., 
International Management, 
(2006), p. 97 (modified) 
Among the neutral countries are the United Kingdom and Japan. In the emotional countries, 
(southern Europe and Latin America
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) emotions are well accepted and showing them is not 
unusual or seen as strange. It is rather seen as a natural part of the business process.
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Specific versus Diffuse
Trompenaars has also identified specific versus diffuse behavior as an important cultural 
dimension. He describes it as follows: 

The degree to which we engage others in specific areas of life and single levels 
of personality, or diffusely in multiple areas of our lives and at several levels at 
the same time”
103
Societies can be categorized by their degree of involvement in relationships. At the one 
extreme stand specific relationships. In specific relations, everything is about doing business. 
The potential contract is driving the relationship putting modest weight into relationships and 
the focus lies on optimizing.
104
Typical features for the specific relationship are directness, 
that they are controversial, they separate work and private life and are seen as open-minded. 
98
Perlitz, M., 
Internationales Management, 
(2004),
 
p. 253 
99
Johansson, J., 
Global Marketing,
(2003),

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