International Marketing in Germany – From a cultural perspective



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Masculinity 
Hofstede’s next dimension that describes cultural differences regards masculinity. He defines 
masculinity as: 
“The duality of the sexes is a fundamental fact with which different societies cope 
in different ways; the issue is weather the biological differences between the sexes 
should or should not have implications for their roles in social activities (...) The 
predominant socialization pattern is for men to be more assertive and for women 
to be more nurturing.”
88
 
This refers to the traditional values: assertiveness, materialism and a lack of concern for 
others.
89
In masculine societies, there is a strong achievement motivation, money and 
materialism are important
90
, and to have a career is seen as necessary to be successful (live to 
work)
91
. Typical masculine countries are Japan, Mexico and Germany. In feminine societies 
work is less central (work to live), employees prefer shorter working days before a raise of 
salary and there is a belief in equality
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. Countries that are seen as feminine are Norway
Sweden and Switzerland.
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2.3.3
 
Trompenaars’ Value Dimensions 
Trompenaars’ value dimensions have been compared with the work of Hofstede. His cultural 
studies are very important within international marketing as well as within international 
management.
94
According to Trompenaars’, culture can be compared to an onion (see Figure 
2.7). What you see at first is only one layer. To truly understand a culture you have to unpeel 
87
Hofstede, G., 
Culture’s Consequences, 
(1984)
,
p. 148 
88
Ibid, p. 176 
89
Johansson, J., 
Global Marketing,
(2003), p. 70f 
90
Hofstede, G., 
Culture’s Consequences, 
(1984)

p. 200 
91
Ibid, p. 205 
92
Ibid, p. 200 
93
Derensky, H., 
International Management
, (2006), p. 95f 
94
Perlitz, M., 
Internationales Management, 
(2005), p

252f 


27 
the onion, layer by layer.
95
Trompenaars’ work comprises seven value dimensions, 
universalism versus particularism, individualism versus communitarianism, neutral versus 
emotional, specific versus diffuse, achievement versus ascription, attitudes towards time, and 
attitudes towards the environment, which are described briefly in the following pages. 

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