t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f h u m a n r i g h t s
281
for promoting and protecting the effective enjoyment by all of all civil,
cultural, economic, political and social rights, providing through the UN
Centre for Human Rights and other appropriate institutions, advisory
services and other assistance including education and engaging in dia-
logue with all governments with a view to securing respect for human
rights. The High Commissioner may also make recommendations to
competent bodies of the UN system with a view to improving the pro-
motion and protection of all human rights,
87
has engaged in a series of
visits to member states of the UN and become involved in co-ordination
activities.
88
The protection of the collective rights of groups and individuals
89
International law since 1945 has focused primarily upon the protection of
individual human rights, as can be seen from the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. In recent years, however, more attention has been given
to various expressions of the concept of collective rights, although it is
often difficult to maintain a strict differentiation between individual and
collective rights. Some rights are purely individual, such as the right to life
or freedom of expression, others are individual rights that are necessarily
expressed collectively, such as freedom of assembly or the right to manifest
one’s own religion. Some rights are purely collective, such as the right to
self-determination or the physical protection of the group as such through
the prohibition of genocide, others constitute collective manifestations of
individual rights, such as the right of persons belonging to minorities to
enjoy their own culture and practise their own religion or use their own
language. In addition, the question of the balancing of the legitimate rights
of the state, groups and individuals is in practice crucial and sometimes
not sufficiently considered. States, groups and individuals have legitimate
rights and interests that should not be ignored. All within a state have
an interest in ensuring the efficient functioning of that state in a manner
consistent with respect for the rights of groups and individuals, while the
balancing of the rights of groups and individuals may itself prove difficult
and complex.
87
See the first Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1995,
A/49/36, p. 2.
88
Ibid.
, pp. 3 ff. Further details as to activities may be found on the website, www.ohchr.org.
89
See e.g. D. Sanders, ‘Collective Rights’, 13 HRQ, 1991, p. 368, and N. Lerner,
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