«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

Exercise 5. Identify subclasses of words
All non-substantive words constitute five large semiotic subclasses of lexemes, each presenting a separate part of speech.
Subclass 1. Verbal words.
Subclass 2. The adjectives.
Subclass 3. Pronouns.
Subclass 4. Numerals.
Subclass 5. Adverbs.
Subclass 1. Verbal words - various classes of notional and functional verbs. Notional verbs - different LSGs characterized by their general implicit grammatical meaning as transitivity or intransitivity, perfective or non-perfective (or any other aspect), reflexiveness or non-reflexiveness, etc. Isomorphism is observed, for instance, in English and contrasted languages in the existence of transitivity and non-transitivity of verbs and consequently in their ability to take the direct and indirect object (cf. send her a letter; отправить ей письмо; унга (her) хат жўнатмоқ) and consequently to be used in active and passive voice (cf. To build - to be built и строить, быть построенным; қурмоқ, қурилмоқ).
Subclass 2. – adjectives: These words split in all languages into two subclasses: the qualitative and the relative adjectives, a universal typological feature. Qualitative adjectives in all languages have degrees of comparison (also a universal feature), e. g. long - longer - the longest- длинней -длиннее – самый длинный; узун- узунроқ, энг узун. Isomorphic are the syntactic functions of adjectives in most languages.
Subclass 3 embraces pronouns that have in most languages both isomorphic and allomorphic features with nouns or numerals and functionally with adjectives (cf. Peter - he, love - she, the four - they, something/nothing - it – он, она, the first -первый, the third-третьей, etc.). Universal are practically all the main classes of pronouns, though their number may be different in various languages.
In English and contrasted languages there exist personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, we, they: я, ты/вы, он, она, мы, вы, они; мен, сен, у, биз, сиз, улар), demonstrative pronouns (this, that, such, those, etc. это, эти, тот, те;бу, шу,булар, улар, ўшалар), possessive pronouns (his, her, our, their; унинг, бизнинг,уларнинг). In English, however, there exist possessive absolute pronouns (mine, hers, ours, yours, In uzbek: меники, сеники, уники, бизники, сизларники, уларники)
Subclass 4 - numerical words. Numerals having universal nature: 1) cardinal numerals (three, twenty-one, one hundred and ten; три, двадцать один, сто десять, etc.); 2) ordinal numerals (the first, the tenth, the thirty-first, первый, десятый, тридцать первый, etc.). 3) the subclass of fractional (two-thirds, one fifth, three-fifths две третья, одна пятая, три пятых, etc.)
Subclass 5 - the adverb. Adverbial words in all languages split into several semantic classes which are mainly universal, 1) Adverbs denoting/expressing temporal relations: now, then, when, today; ҳозир, ўшанда, қачон, бугун; сейчас, тогда, когда, сегодня; 2) adverbs denoting/expressing local relations: here, everywhere, nowhere, there, etc. бу ерда, ҳамма ерда, ҳеч ерда( ҳеч қаерда) тут, везде, повсюду, там; 3) adverbs expressing direction: eastwards, whence, thence; шарққа, қаердан, бу ердан; на восток, откуда, отсюда; 4) adverbs expressing manner: how, so, slowly; қандай, шундай, секин; как, так, медленно, etc.; 5) adverbs expressing degree: quite, almost, completely, etc. очень, почти, полностью, etc.