|
(What a lovely day it is!
How wonderful!) (
Москва
как
много
в
этом
звуке…)
(Аввал ўйла кейин сўйла!)
.
There is no great difference of sentences in compared languages according
to the structure sentences. Due to the grammatical structure, they are divided into
two-member and one-member sentences. A two-member sentence has two
members: the subject and the predicate.
(Pete reads. Mary writes.)
A two-member
sentence may be: complete and incomplete 2 member sentences. The complete has
both the subject and the predicate. The incomplete is a sentence then one of the
principle parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the
sentence. Such sentences are called elliptical.
(Where are you going?
–
To the
cinema.)
Elliptical sentences are usually met in colloquial speech and dialogues.
A one-member sentence is a sentence, which has only one member, which is
neither the subject nor the predicate. One member makes the sentence complete.
One-member sentences are generally used in thedescription and in anemotional
speech. If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun and the
sentence is called nominal. (
Dusk-
of the summer night. Зима, крестьянин
торжествует
). A simple sentence may be extended (has both the principle parts
of the sentence and the secondary parts. E.g. Pete reads book every day.) And
unextended (has only the subject and the predicate).
Classification of asimple sentence in all three languages according to the
grammatical meaning can be seen as follows:
66
As a distinction complicated and uncomplicated types of sentences in Uzbek
are regarded complex sentences. The rest types of sentences can be considered as
thesimilarity of these languages.
Sentences in compared languages may be also composite. In general
composite sentences in compared languages are divided intocompound, complex
and compound-complex. A compound is a sentence which consists of two or more
clauses coordinated with each other. (
The darkness was thinning, but the street was
still dimly lighting.
Картошка жарилась на сковорде, от неѐ ўѐл ароматнқй
запах. Осмонга булут чиқди ва ѐмғир ѐға бошлади
). A complex sentence
consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. (
He steps
quicken as he set out from the hotel.
Многие видели как фокусник это сделал.
Хонага шундай жимлик чўкканки, гўѐ бу ерда
\
аѐт бутунлай
сўнган).
Subordinated clauses may be of different types: subject (Where I am going
is unknown), object, predicative (with link-verb), attributive, adverbial and etc. A
compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or
more dependent clauses. (
We decided that the movie was too violent, but our
children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.
Баҳор
келди, майсалар кўкарди ва далалар кўм
-
кўк тусга кирди).
Hence, general differences and similarities of acomplex sentence of three
compared languages can be seen from their classification according to its structure
below:
In English they are divided into three big groups:
67
In Russian they may be classified into two big groups which contain several
subgroups according to its structure, meaning, interconnection and head part:
In Uzbek they are divided into 4 big types which some types also can have
several subdivisions according to the conjugations:
Generally, there can be observed differences, similarities and distinctive
features in thedeep comparative analysis of the types above. Such as compound-
complex features are typical only for English and Uzbek languages and cannot be
found in Russian. Or else Russian and Uzbek have syndetic and asyndetic features
of dividing sentences into types while English has another criterion for this.
Additionally, as a similarity can be considered the following characteristics
like in all three languages there are two or more subjects and predicates in
thecompound and complex sentences. Two or more sentences in compound
sentences are combined with coordinative conjunctions in compared languages
(and, but, or,
и
,
но
,
или
,
лекин, ва, ѐки
).
While in the complex sentence two or
more sentences are combined with subordinate conjunctions in all three languages
(if, because,
если
,
потомучто
,
агар
,
чунки
).
And the difference can be observed
in English interrogative pronouns can make asubordinate sentence. But in Uzbek,
such sentences are considered as simple ones
(A scientist is a person who studies a
lot.
Олим кўп ѐқийдиган киши)
.
Distinctively, in the English language in
theunrealconditionals, plural form of verbs are used for both singular and plural
subjects. But Russian and Uzbek languages don‘t have such phenomenon
(If he
were here, he would help us).
Thus another number of brief differences in syntactic level also can be listed
in comparison of sentences of compared languages:
68
Russian and Uzbek sentences are longer than English ones, Russians
and Uzbeks are fond of long and colorful phrases while the English text is
composed of comparatively short sentences, it is ―ethical‖ to use short words and
brief structures. In translation, Russian and Uzbek sentences can be divided into 2-
3 short ones.
The order of words in a sentence plays a great semantic role, the most
important word stands at the beginning. E.g.:
Russian
Uzbek
Вам
этого не понять.
Этого
вам не понять.
Не понять
вам этого.
Сиз буни тушуна олмайсиз
Буни сиз тушуна олмайсиз
буни тушуниш сизгаэмас.
In English the word order isfixed, semantic shades ofmeaning are expressed
byother means. In English, there can be one variant but with different intonation:
You won
’
t understand this
.
In English and Uzbek, the sentence beginswith the subject as a rule.
The rhematic (new)information is placed atthe beginning of the sentence:
Van
Cliburn was the best musician.
Вэн
Клайберн
энг яхши мусиқачи эди.
Whilein
Russian a lot of sentences begin not with thesubject but, an object. The rhematic
(new) information stands at theend of the sentence:
Лучшим
музыкантом
был
Вэн
Клайберн
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