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parts of the sentence, we differentiateelliptical and
non-elliptical sentences.
Generally, in all three compared languages
sentences may be classified according to:
types of communication
structure.
According to the types of communication
sentence in compared languages are divided into:
declarative,
interrogative
imperative.
A Declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form.
There are a number of difference between English and Russian, Uzbek
negative sentences. An English sentence may have only one negation while
the Russian sentence one may have more than one.
(Nobody was late. –
Никто неопоздал, Ҳеч ким кеч қолмади).
Similarly, there can be observed a
list of the ways of expressing negation in all three compared languages:
Means
English
Russian
Uzbek
1. Grammatical
do+not
не
-ма
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morpheme
I don’t go
Я не пойду
Мен бормайман
2. Lexical units
Neither…nor
It is neither
good nor bad
Не…не
Это
и
не
хорошо и не
плохо
Эмас, на …на
Бу на яхши ва на
ёмон
3. Negative
pronouns
and
adverbs
Nobody,
nowhere,
never, none
None of them is
here
Никто, нигде,
никогда,
ни
один
Ни один из них
не здесь
Ҳеч ким, ҳеч
қаер, ҳеч қачон,
ҳеч бири
Уларнинг
ҳеч
бири бу ерда
эмас
4. Phraseological
units
When
Ethiopian
changes
his
skin
Жди у моря
погоды
Қизил
қор
ёққанда
5. Rhetoric
questions
Whoever
can
win us?!
Да кто может
нас победить?!
Ким ҳам бизни
енга оларди?!
The examples in the table can show some detailed difference in
expressing the negation in compared languages.
An Interrogative sentence asks a question. In English, there are four
types of questions: general, special, alternative and disjunctive. (
Do you
want…? Where do you want…? Do you want …or…? You want…, don’t
you?)
. Russian interrogative sentence may be divided into 2 groups: 1)
Interrogative sentence having no interrogative words, sometimes they may
contain such particles as
ведь, как, что, неужели, разве, ли,
and etc. In such
cases, they differ from adeclarative sentence in intonation. (
Инженер поехал
в Москву? Его здесь нет? Разве он вамписал? Неужели он ушел?
); 2)
Interrogative sentences having interrogative words, such as
кто, что, куда,
откуда, почему (Кто пришел? Что вы читаете?)
. Special attention must
be paid to the indirect questions the rules of sequence of tenses must be
observed. Uzbek interrogative sentences are also divided into 2 groups: 1)
absolute interrogative sentences which require the answers
(сиз эртага
келасизми?)
; 2) rhetoric interrogative sentence with the obvious hidden
answer in it (
Мен унинг тўсатдан келиб қолишини қаердан билай?! Бу
ватанда нималар йўқ?! Ўзинган чиққан балога қайга борасан давога?! Бу
нимаси?!).
Imperative sentences serve to induce a person to do something. They
express a command, a request, an invitation, a wish, a demand, and a call and
so on. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences may be
exclamatory when they express a strong emotion (happiness, delight, anger,
etc).
(What a lovely day it is! How wonderful!) (Москва как много в этом
звуке…) (Аввал ўйла кейин сўйла!).
There is no great difference of sentences in compared languages
according to the structure sentences. Due to the grammatical structure, they
67
are divided into two-member and one-member sentences. A two-
member sentence has two members: the subject and the predicate.
(Pete reads.
Mary writes.)
A two-member sentence may be: complete and incomplete 2
member sentences. The complete has both the subject and the predicate. The
incomplete is a sentence then one of the principle parts or both of them are
missing, but can be easily understood from the sentence. Such sentences are
called elliptical.
(Where are you going? – To the cinema.)
Elliptical sentences
are usually met in colloquial speech and dialogues. A one-member sentence is
a sentence, which has only one member, which is neither the subject nor the
predicate. One member makes the sentence complete. One-member sentences
are generally used in thedescription and in anemotional speech. If the main
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