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Learner centredness An approach to organizing teaching, learning and assessment based on the learner’s personal characteristics, needs and interests.
	Learning The complex and long-term psychosocial process consisting of the individual acquisition or modification of information, knowledge, understanding, attitudes, values, skills, competencies or behaviours through experience, practice, study or instruction. (Adapted from: UIS 2012). Note that the definition of learning depends on the philosophical and psychological approach adopted. There are at least three different models in defining the learning process. Behaviourism views learning as a measurable change of behaviour as a result of the joint action of a number of environmental factors. Cognitive theories emphasize internal mental organization of knowledge, stressing the acquisition of knowledge, mental structures, and the processing of information. Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs new ideas or concepts based on prior knowledge and/or experience. (Source: Kridel 2010). See also ‘Teaching’.
	Learning area Grouping of traditionally discrete but related subjects with the explicit aim of integrating students’ learning. For example, the learning area ‘social sciences/studies’ can include elements of geography, history, citizenship, economy/ commerce, philosophy, and sociology. (Adapted from:UNESCO IBE 2011). Many education systems organize the curriculum of general education around broad learning areas or fields of learning. For example: language and communication (including a first and a second 36 language); mathematical thinking; exploration and understanding of the natural and social world (including natural sciences, geography, history, biology, physics, and chemistry); and personal and social development (including artistic education, citizenship, ethics and physical education). (Mexico, Study plan of basic education, 2011).